Another possible mechanism for the inhibitory effect on pain demonstrated in our study is that of placebo. Previous work has shown that the prospect

of reduced pain can reduce the pain reported in response to a noxious stimulus.84-88 The “inclusion/exclusion” session provided an expectation that head pain would increase during the interventions GW572016 and cease immediately after cessation of the technique. However, participants had no prior expectation of the likely course of referred head pain as the technique was sustained. Accordingly, we considered that any placebo effect was minimal. An additional potential inhibitory mechanism is diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs). The DNIC process involves inhibition of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in response to nociceptive stimuli applied to any part of the body, unconnected to their facilitatory fields.89-91 However, if DNICs were operational, we would have expected identical effects on the nBR during the arm and cervical interventions as mean ratings of local tenderness were the same. Although standardization of pressure clearly is important, for it to be achieved during application of techniques used

in this study and in a PAIVM check details examination, pressure algometers would need to be devised, which are not only attach to the thumb but are sufficiently fine to allow for skilled palpation and perception of mobility. The absence of such a device in our study could be regarded as a shortcoming. The sample size could also be considered a limitation; nevertheless, effects of the cervical intervention were strong enough to be detected even in our small sample. Perception and self-reporting of pain clearly involve psychological influences such as anxiety and fear. These influences need to be investigated in future studies. To our knowledge, this medchemexpress is the first time cervical manual examination techniques have been shown

to influence trigeminal nociceptive neurotransmission. Our results suggest that cervical spinal input contributed to lessening of referred head pain and cervical tenderness, and inhibition of R2. These findings support the concept that noxious cervical afferent inputs contribute to headache in migraine sufferers. They corroborate previous results related to anatomical and functional convergence of trigeminal and cervical afferent pathways in animals and humans, and suggest that manual modulation of the cervical pathway is of potential benefit in migraine. (a)  Conception and Design (a)  Drafting the Manuscript (a)  Final Approval of the Completed Manuscript “
“To highlight the occurrence of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in the setting of Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome (KTWS). KTWS is a congenital multicomponent disorder of angiogenesis plus limb asymmetry.

The prediction workflow has been performed by considering only those miRNAs found significantly deregulated (i.e. by a fold-change of at least two). For each miRNA, we obtained three lists that we matched to consider all the possible intersections. We finally retained only those genes predicted by all three algorithms. We assumed that the predictions obtained following this criteria, should have a minor degree of uncertainty since they originate from algorithms with different underlying principles. To reduce complexity, C646 chemical structure we also filtered out every gene found in both upregulated and downregulated miRNAs lists, considering only those genes with

unambiguous behavior. This improvement would have certainly helped Jin et al. to avoid misleading overlap of functional categories in their lists. Finally,

to take into account the cooperative effect of different miRNAs on the same target gene, we ranked a list of genes targeted by two or more miRNAs. GPCR Compound Library The list of target genes that we obtained following this bioinformatics workflow was finally subjected to functional classification using DAVID.16 In summary, both the paper by Jin et al.12 and our own work (Alisi et al.7)) provide clear examples of how many data are contained in “simple” miRNA expression profile experiments, and the difficulty in developing an understanding of the pathogenic mechanism leading to the transition from steatosis to NASH. In conclusion, we believe that an integrated approach of differentbioinformatics analyses for microRNA expression and regulation studies, although remaining predictive without appropriate experimental validations of predicted target genes, could lead to a deeper understanding of gene expression patterns and their regulation

in the pathogenesis of important liver diseases like NAFLD. “
“Host factors play an important role in all facets of the hepatitis medchemexpress C virus (HCV) life cycle and one such host factor is signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The HCV core protein has been shown to directly interact with and activate STAT3, while oxidative stress generated during HCV replication in a replicon-based model also induced STAT3 activation. However, despite these findings the precise role of STAT3 in the HCV life cycle remains unknown. We have established that STAT3 is actively phosphorylated in the presence of replicating HCV. Furthermore, expression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 leads to marked increases in HCV replication, whereas, conversely, chemical inhibition and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of STAT3 leads to significant decreases in HCV RNA levels. This strongly implicates STAT3 as a proviral host factor.

Despite improvements in HCC therapy, the prognosis http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd-1208.html for HCC patients remains poor due to a high incidence of recurrence. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of HCC development would facilitate the development of more effective outcomes for the

diagnosis and treatment of HCC at earlier stages. miRNA are small, endogenous, non-coding, ssRNA that are 21–30 nucleotides in length and modulate the expression of various target genes at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Aberrant expression of miRNA is common in various human malignancies and modulates cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites. As for the relationship between miRNA and HCC, several studies have demonstrated that the aberrant expression of specific miRNA can be detected in HCC cells and tissues. However, little is known about the mechanisms of miRNA-related cell proliferation and development. In this review, we summarize the central and potential roles of miRNA in the pathogenesis of HCC and elucidate new possibilities that may be useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as novel therapeutic targets in HCC. “
“Saturday, November 2 POSTER VIEWING: 2: 00 – 7: 30 PM Poster Hall Presenters Selleckchem AZD1152 HQPA in attendance: 5: 30 – 7: 00 PM Those posters identified as AASLD Presidential Poster of Distinction by a ribbon icon have received review scores that place them within

the top 10 percent of all posters. We encourage you to make them a priority as you visit the poster sessions. Sunday, November 3 POSTER VIEWING: 8: 00 AM – 5: 30 PM Poster Hall Presenters in attendance:

12: 30 – 2: 00 PM Those posters identified as AASLD Presidential Poster of Distinction by a ribbon icon have received review scores that place them within the top 10 percent of all posters. We encourage you to make them a priority as you visit the poster sessions. Monday, November medchemexpress 4 POSTER VIEWING: 8: 00 AM – 5: 30 PM Poster Hall Presenters in attendance: 12: 30 – 2: 00 PM Those posters identified as AASLD Presidential Poster of Distinction by a ribbon icon have received review scores that place them within the top 10 percent of all posters. We encourage you to make them a priority as you visit the poster sessions. Tuesday, November 5 POSTER VIEWING: 8: 00 AM – Noon Poster Hall Presenters in attendance: 10: 30 AM – Noon Those posters identified as AASLD Presidential Poster of Distinction by a ribbon icon have received review scores that place them within the top 10 percent of all posters. We encourage you to make them a priority as you visit the poster sessions. “
“Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a minimally invasive procedure. However, failure to transilluminate the anterior wall of the stomach or visualize the indentation of the physician’s finger represents the most frequent obstacles encountered by the endoscopist in safely completing PEG tube placement.

GST fusion protein expression was induced with 1 mM isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside and was purified as described elsewhere.25 GST fusion proteins were eluted from glutathione-Sepharose

beads (Amersham Biosciences) with an elution buffer [20 mM glutathione, 100 mM trishydroxymethylaminomethane (pH 8.0), and 120 mM sodium chloride]. The full-length coding sequence of ERα/β in the pcDNA3.1 expression vector was transcribed and translated in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate in the presence of [35S]methionine (Amersham Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (TNT T7 coupled transcription/translation kit, Promega, Madison, WI). 35S-labeled proteins were incubated with GST fusion proteins in an NETN buffer [20 mM trishydroxymethylaminomethane (pH 8.0), 100 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic Epigenetics inhibitor acid, and 0.5% Nonidet P40] containing protease inhibitors (Complete, Roche Applied Bioscience). Samples were subsequently washed and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide

gel electrophoresis. Gels were incubated with Amplify (GE Healthcare) to enhance the detection efficiency of 35S-labeled proteins. Coomassie brilliant blue staining was used to stain for the GST proteins. Data are presented as means and standard errors of the mean of six animals or at least three in vitro experiments. Significance was calculated by analysis of variance. Significance is defined as P < 0.05. Raised serum bile acid levels during

pregnancy have been reported Daporinad nmr in mice21 and humans.14 Because elevated bile acid levels can occur in the serum for a number of reasons and do not necessarily indicate a defect in the hepatocytes, we aimed to determine whether hepatic bile acid concentrations are affected by pregnancy. We found that in normal, pregnant mice, hepatic bile acid concentrations were significantly higher than those in nonpregnant controls (Fig. 1). Indeed, the hepatic bile acids in pregnant mice were measured at levels comparable to those in cholate-fed mice (a model of bile acid overload) or Fxr−/− mice (a genetic model of cholestasis). In order to investigate the rise in hepatic bile acids in pregnant mice, we initially 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 aimed to compare the transcriptional effects of pregnancy, cholate feeding, and Fxr deficiency. To this end, we conducted gene expression microarrays. Venn diagrams and hierarchical clustering were used to explore similarities between groups at the transcriptional level. Of the 27 genes regulated by both pregnancy and Fxr deficiency (Fig. 2A), 80% were affected in the same direction (increased/decreased expression) under both conditions (Fig. 2B). In contrast, the number of genes affected in the same direction by both pregnancy and cholate feeding (Fig. 2C) was the proportion that would have been affected by chance alone (52% of the 53 commonly affected genes; Fig. 2D).

APC; Presenting Author: WENYI XIE Corresponding Author: WENYI XIE Affiliations: the ninth hospital of Chongqing Objective: To Selleckchem PD0325901 compare the expression of COX-2 mRNA in Barrett esophagus before and after treatment, analyze the efficacy of argon plasma coagulation in combination with acid suppression in BE patients. Methods: The BE patients diagnosed with endoscopy and biopsy were randomly classified into 3 groups, group A served as control, group B treated with PPI after APC, gourp C subjected to PPI treatment.

The clinical effect was observed in the follow-up patients and endosopy examination were taken. We used quantitive real-time PCR (Taqman) to access the mRNA expression of COX-2 in Barrett esophagus before and after treatment. Total tissue RNA was extracted from Proteasome inhibitor BE. COX-2 mRNA was quantitatively analyzed by monitoring

the increase in fluorescence by the binding of SYBR green to double-stranded DNA during real-time PCR (Sequence detection system, TaqMan; Applied Biosystems, CA). The copy numbers of cDNA for COX-2 were standardized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the same samples. Results: 1) All the treatment can alleviate or relieve the symptoms of BE compared to group A. There were no significant differences between them. 2) Patients of group B whose BE epithelium were eradicated and replaced with squamous epithelium. The sizes of Barrett’s esophagus didn’t change significantly in group A, C by endoscopy. 3) MCE公司 The expression of Cox-2 in groupB is similar to the level of sham-control. The expression of Cox-2 in groupC also decrease, but there was no significant differences before and after treatment. Conclusion: PPI treatment can’t eradicate BE, but they can relieve clinical symptoms and decrease the expression of Cox-2 in BE epithelium. Argon plasma coagulation combined with PPI can eradicate BE epithelium and relieve clinical symptoms and decrease the expression of Cox-2 to the normal level. It is an effective, safe and promising therapy against Barrett’s esophagus. Key Word(s): 1. Barrett’s esophagus; 2. COX-2; 3. Bcl-2; 4. APC; Presenting Author: DIANCHUN FANG Additional Authors: JUN WANG Corresponding Author: DIANCHUN FANG

Affiliations: A member of standing committee, Association of Chinese Digestive Disease Objective: To investigate the effects of bile salt exposure on expression of tight junction proteins claudin-4 in squamous epithelium of gastroesophageal reflux disease and the role of the p38 MAPK in this course. Methods: Tissue samples from 80 patients with reflux esophagitis (RE, n = 31), and Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD, n = 29) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE, n = 20) were obtained in routine upper GI endoscopy. Expression of claudin-4 in tissue samples were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Expressions of claudin-4 and p38 in esophageal squamous cells treated by bile salt were detected with reverse trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot method.

One early post- procedure-related complication occurred with cyst wall-separation CX-5461 in vitro resulting in intra-peritoneal air leak, which was endoscopically sealed using a “bear-claw” clip and patient had unremarkable

recovery with antibiotic therapy alone. Conclusion: EUS-guided therapy for peri-pancreatic fluid collections is clinically successful in the majority of patients by endoscopic means alone, while adjunctive “conventional” therapy can be reserved for those with incomplete clinical response. Using large diameter stents with or without nasocystic drainage is most helpful for patients with complex collections. J BROOKER, G DICKSON Waikato Hospital Background: Early oesophageal neoplasia is seen in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus as well as squamous lesion. Cap-assisted ligation EMR provides tissue staging to assist in treatment decisions and may achieve curative treatment. Methods: Retrospective review of prospective database of patients referred of early oesophageal neoplastic lesions between April 2010–May 2014. Results: The 14 patients (mean age 68.5 yrs, range 53–81 yrs) with early stage disease (11 males, 78.6%) underwent EMR. Underlying Barrett’s oesophagus was present in 11/14 (78.6%) with 8 having a visible nodule. Prior biopsy showed high grade dysplasia (HGD) in 10 (91%)

and 1 (9%) suspected adenocarcinoma. Three patients had suspected squamous neoplasia. Resected pathology confirmed adenocarcinoma in 4 patients (1 T1a, 2 T1sm and 1 early T2), HGD in one and LGD in 6 patients. EMR of squamous lesions NVP-LDE225 chemical structure showed 2 LGD and 1 papilloma. Adenocarcinoma patients underwent chemoradiation alone in 2, chemoradiation and surgery 1 and surgery 1 alone, respectively. Six patients with prior HGD underwent HALO ablation therapy to treat residual Barrett’s oesophagus. No adverse events were recorded related to EMR. Conclusion: Cap-assisted ligation EMR is safe to perform in patients with early oesophageal neoplasia. This allows better tissue

staging of neoplastic lesions to determine appropriate adjunctive therapy with curative intent. AYS TING,1 D CROAGH,1,2 S ALEXANDER,3,4 D DEVONSHIRE,1 MP SWAN1 1Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, MCE 3Department of Gastroenterology, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia, 4School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia Introduction: In the last two decades, there have been numerous advancements in technology and innovations that have impacted ERCP practice. Varying recommendations exist to guide this practice but adherence to these guidelines is currently unknown. This survey was conducted to assess how ERCP is currently performed in Australia and to guide future research into this area of interventional endoscopy.

Furthermore, STAT3 directly regulates fascin expression, and NF-κB binds to the fascin promoter in a STAT3-dependent and Notch-independent manner. Conclusion: Both STAT3

and NF-κB are required for fascin up-regulation, which is involved in cell migration and invasion in GC cells, and STAT3-NF-κB-fascin signaling axis is identified as a therapeutic target for blocking GC cell invasion and migration. Key Word(s): 1. gastric cancer; 2. fascin; 3. STAT3; 4. Notch; Presenting Author: CHUNXIAO CAI Additional Authors: YUANMING http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html ZHU, YUJUN ZHANG, YULAN LIU Corresponding Author: YULAN LIU Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital Objective: Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) plays important roles

during various http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html tumorigenesis, through bound by its ligand. Previous work revealed that AdipoR2 was dysregulated in colorectal cancer. However, what the expression level AdipoR2 like in colorectal adenoma, the predisposing state of colorectal cancer, and whether AdipoR2 exert it effect on tumorigenesis via microRNA (miRNA) regulation are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression status of AdipoR2 in colorectal adenoma; and to explore whether some miRNAs target AdipoR2 and affect the biological behaviors of colorectal cancer. Methods: The expression status of AdipoR2 in different stages of colorectal adenomas were detected

by immunohistochemical staining, and the expression levels of the predictive miRNAs that target it in these adenomas were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. AdipoR2 highly expressed colorectal cancer cell HCT-116 was used to establish these miRNAs stable transfected cell lines as test models. MTT, colony assay for cell viability, scratch assay for migration and Western blot analysis for AdipoR2 expression and apoptosis pathway related proteins were performed. Results: We found AdipoR2 expression level decreased in adenomas, especially in advanced adenomas. Meanwhile miR-200c and miR-200b, which selected by bioinformatic 上海皓元 analysis as the candidate miRNAs that target AdipoR2, demonstrated the opposite expression tendencies in different stages of adenoma towards AdipoR2. Enhanced miR-200c, miR-200b promoted cell proliferation, accelerated cell transit from G0/G1 phase to S phase, reduced apoptosis, and increased cell migratory ability by down-regulating AdipoR2 in vitro. Conclusion: AdipoR2 and miR-200c, miR-200b may be intimately related to the progression colorectal cancer, especially in early adenoma stage. Whether miR-200c, miR-200b could be use as novel targets for early detection and treatment still need further studies. Key Word(s): 1. AdipoR2; 2. miR-200c; 3. miR-200b; 4.

Furthermore, STAT3 directly regulates fascin expression, and NF-κB binds to the fascin promoter in a STAT3-dependent and Notch-independent manner. Conclusion: Both STAT3

and NF-κB are required for fascin up-regulation, which is involved in cell migration and invasion in GC cells, and STAT3-NF-κB-fascin signaling axis is identified as a therapeutic target for blocking GC cell invasion and migration. Key Word(s): 1. gastric cancer; 2. fascin; 3. STAT3; 4. Notch; Presenting Author: CHUNXIAO CAI Additional Authors: YUANMING buy Alisertib ZHU, YUJUN ZHANG, YULAN LIU Corresponding Author: YULAN LIU Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital Objective: Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) plays important roles

during various selleckchem tumorigenesis, through bound by its ligand. Previous work revealed that AdipoR2 was dysregulated in colorectal cancer. However, what the expression level AdipoR2 like in colorectal adenoma, the predisposing state of colorectal cancer, and whether AdipoR2 exert it effect on tumorigenesis via microRNA (miRNA) regulation are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression status of AdipoR2 in colorectal adenoma; and to explore whether some miRNAs target AdipoR2 and affect the biological behaviors of colorectal cancer. Methods: The expression status of AdipoR2 in different stages of colorectal adenomas were detected

by immunohistochemical staining, and the expression levels of the predictive miRNAs that target it in these adenomas were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. AdipoR2 highly expressed colorectal cancer cell HCT-116 was used to establish these miRNAs stable transfected cell lines as test models. MTT, colony assay for cell viability, scratch assay for migration and Western blot analysis for AdipoR2 expression and apoptosis pathway related proteins were performed. Results: We found AdipoR2 expression level decreased in adenomas, especially in advanced adenomas. Meanwhile miR-200c and miR-200b, which selected by bioinformatic MCE analysis as the candidate miRNAs that target AdipoR2, demonstrated the opposite expression tendencies in different stages of adenoma towards AdipoR2. Enhanced miR-200c, miR-200b promoted cell proliferation, accelerated cell transit from G0/G1 phase to S phase, reduced apoptosis, and increased cell migratory ability by down-regulating AdipoR2 in vitro. Conclusion: AdipoR2 and miR-200c, miR-200b may be intimately related to the progression colorectal cancer, especially in early adenoma stage. Whether miR-200c, miR-200b could be use as novel targets for early detection and treatment still need further studies. Key Word(s): 1. AdipoR2; 2. miR-200c; 3. miR-200b; 4.

51 ± 0.37 second vs 0.27 ± 0.30 second). In controls, the slope of the left PCA flow velocity after stimulus-offset showed a stronger decline compared with the patient group (−4.36 ± 1.66 second vs −3.31 ± 1.28 second). In this study, we used two different techniques – fMRI and fTCD – to assess cerebral hemodynamics in migraine patients during stimulation with a rotating optokinetic drum with complex colored figures and thereby activating striate and extrastriate visual areas involved in motion, pattern, and color perception. While previous fMRI and TMS studies have suggested an

increased cortical reactivity and hyperexcitability in primary visual areas,26-28 more recently the extrastriate visual areas have been identified as a region AUY-922 concentration Dabrafenib of differential activation in migraine. Battelli and co-workers were the first to demonstrate a significant difference in the threshold for excitability of bilateral visual areas V5 in persons with migraine using TMS.[4] A robust activation of the area V5 (also known as MT+, hMT+, middle temporal area/middle superior temporal area [MT/MST], or MT/V5+), the human homolog to the medial temporal region in the macaque brain, has been shown by a number of motion stimuli in fMRI studies.14,29-31 Additional studies have highlighted the functional disturbances during visual perception of

motion, patterns, and colors in patients suffering migraine,[11, 12, 32] as well as a higher susceptibility to visually induced discomfort

or motion sickness.[22, 33, 34] In 2010, Antal et al were the first to describe an increased bilateral activation in the superior-anterior part of the middle-temporal cortex (corresponding to MST) to visual stimulation in migraineurs using a coherent/incoherent moving dot stimulus.[15] Strengthening their findings of extrastriate involvement in migraine, we could not only show significantly increased activation in MA in the motion sensitive cortical areas V5 bilaterally, but medchemexpress also in the left area V3. The area V3 has also been identified as a region related to processing visual motion, possibly as a part of a hypothesized cortical network activity induced by visual motion.[30, 35, 36] However, there is controversy about the exact location and subfields of the V3 complex in humans. Recently, fMRI was used to study the detection of coherent motion vs noise as a measure of global visual motion processing. The authors report greater activation by coherent motion in V5 and putative V3A, but not in V1.[37] Similarly, in another study, the brain activations in areas V2 and V3 to vertical pattern stimuli were significantly higher than to the horizontal pattern stimuli.[38] The greater sensitivity to vertical stimuli has been hypothesized to regulate the preponderance of horizontal visual information.

5G). Clusters of human hepatoblasts (blue) were observed surrounding see more these vascular structures but had a much broader distribution in the parenchyma. Other cell types that may have existed

in the hFLC preparations and could have engrafted in the bioscaffolds like hematopoietic cells were not detected (Supporting Information Fig. 5), whereas mesenchymal/stromal cells were observed in the parenchyma of the bioscaffolds. Functional assessment showed significantly higher urea and albumin concentrations in the culture medium of the seeded bioscaffold than hFL cells in culture dishes (P = 0.002; P = 0,0006) (Fig. 6D,E). Similarly, ECs in the bioscaffold secreted significantly higher amounts of prostacyclin (PGI2) than hUVECs cultured in petri dishes (P = 0.033) (Fig. 6F). One of the major challenges for tissue engineering is to produce large volume tissues and organs for clinical applications. Attempts made to bioengineer liver tissues faced challenges that include cell sourcing, efficient cell seeding, vascularization of the engineered tissue, and provision of authentic cues for tissue development. The present research was

aimed at developing a technology that will provide authentic liver microarchitecture and ECM, including the macrovascular and microvascular structures. To do so, we presented here a method of decellularization that was used to fabricate a naturally derived whole-organ bioscaffold. We used the vascular channels as a conduit for reseeding endothelial and hFL cells inside the bioscaffold. The bioscaffold provided spatial information for cell localization and engraftment, and supported cellular proliferation and phenotype maintenance. These results PD0325901 research buy offer a potential technique for fabrication of human liver tissue that can be readily transplanted into host animals or used for studies of liver cell biology,

physiology, toxicology, and drug discovery with further development. Previously, decellularization of tissue was performed by submersion of the tissue within a detergent solution under agitation to allow medchemexpress cell removal in bulk from the surface of the tissue moving inward.24 These approaches were successful for decellularization of smaller samples (up to 5 mm in thickness), whereas in thicker specimens the core of the tissue remained cellular. To circumvent this limitation, we took advantage of the native liver vascular network by perfusing the detergent through this network and distributing it throughout the entire liver. This gentle procedure preserves the architecture of the liver matrix and vascular system.25, 26 The choice of detergent for the production of whole organ bioscaffolds using perfusion may also impact the preservation of important biochemical cues. Strong ionic detergents such as SDS facilitate rapid removal of cells from dense tissues and can yield a functional bioscaffold13 but they may damage some ECM components.27 Therefore, we opted to use a mild nonionic detergent, Triton X-100.