“
“Rationale: Angiosarcomas of soft tissue represent a heterogenous group of rare sarcomas with specific clinical behaviour and risk factors. Paclitaxel appears to induce tumour control in a higher proportion of patients with angiosarcoma, as compared to other sarcomas. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the anti-tumour activity of this compound in a multicentre setting.\n\nMethod: Clinical data from patients with angiosarcomas of soft tissue

treated with single find more agent paclitaxel were collected from the centres of the soft tissue and bone sarcoma group of EORTC, using a standardised data collection form. Paclitaxel could be given every three weeks, or weekly. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software.\n\nResults: Data from 32 patients were collected from 10 centres. There were 17 males, IS females, with a median age

of 60.4 years (range, 25-91). Primary angiosarcomas were located in scalp and face in 8 patients (25%) and at other primary sites in 24 patients (75%). All patients had intermediate (n = 13) or high grade (n = 19) primary tumours. Thirteen (40%) patients had been pretreated Selleck PFTα with doxorubicin-based first-line-chemotherapy and three of them (9%) had also received second-line chemotherapy with ifosfamide. Eleven (34%) patients had been irradiated before as treatment for angiosarcoma. In 8 (25%) patients, the angiosarcoma occurred at sites of prior radiation therapy for other malignancies. The response rate was 62% (21/32) in the whole series, 75% (6/8) in scalp angiosarcomas and 58% (14/24) in other primary sites. The median time to progression was 7.6 months (range, 1-42) for the whole group. For the face/scalp group it was 9.5 months, and for patients with angiosarcomas at other sites it was 7.0 months, respectively.\n\nConclusion: AZD1208 Paclitaxel was found to be

an active agent in angiosarcoma of soft tissue in this retrospective analysis. These results need to be confirmed in a prospective randomised phase II study. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design. Cadaveric laboratory study.\n\nObjective. To compare the accuracy, efficiency, and safety of intraoperative cone beam-computed tomography with navigation (O-ARM) with traditional intraoperative fluoroscopy (C-ARM) for the placement of pedicle screws.\n\nSummary of Background Data. Radiation exposure remains a concern with traditional methods of intraoperative imaging in spine surgery. The use of O-ARM has been proposed for more accurate and efficient spinal instrumentation. Understanding radiation imparted to patients and surgeons by O-ARM is important for assessing risks and benefits of this 4 technology, especially in light of evolving indications.\n\nMethods. Four surgeons placed 160 pedicle screws on 8 cadavers without deformity. Eighty pedicle screws were placed using O-ARM and C-ARM each.

22.29 +/- 2.21 mm, p smaller than 0.001), which represented an absolute and percent decrease in stent dimension of 1.10 +/- 0.40 mm and 4.70 +/- 1.76%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the predictors of larger recoil

were a higher prosthesis/annulus ratio (r(2)=0.0624, p=0.015) and the SAPIEN XT prosthesis (r(2)=0.1276, p=0.001). No significant changes in haemodynamic performance were observed at discharge and follow-up in patients with larger recoil. Conclusions: TAVI with a balloon-expandable valve was systematically associated with a certain degree of valve stent recoil after balloon deflation. Sonidegib concentration A higher degree of valve oversizing and the SAPIEN XT prosthesis predicted a larger degree of stent recoil.”
“A novel phosphorylation www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html motif for casein kinase 1 (CK1) in response to two sulfated lipids [sulfatide and cholesterol-3-sulfate (SCS)] was determined, using three functional proteins [myelin basic protein (MBP), tau protein (TP) and RhoA (a small GTPase)] and five

synthetic NIBP peptides as phosphate acceptors for the kinase in vitro. It was found that (i) MBP, p8 (positions 38-118) cleaved from MBP, and a synthetic peptide M103 were effectively phosphorylated, by CK1 delta in the presence of SCS; (ii) sulfatide in comparison with CH-3S highly enhanced autophosphorylation of CK1 delta; (iii) SCS had a high binding affinity with NIBP and peptide M103, but not other MBP peptides lacking K-G-R; and (iv) a novel consensus phosphorylation motif (K/R-X-K/R-X-X-S/T)

for CK1 was identified among several SCS-binding proteins (SCS-BPs) and three CK1 isoforms (delta, selleck products epsilon and gamma). The binding of SCS to two basic brain proteins (MBP and TP) resulted in the high stimulation of their phosphorylation by three CK1 isoforms (c 6 and 6), but not CK1 gamma. In contrast, an acidic protein (RhoA) was effectively phosphorylated by CK1 delta in the presence of SCS, and also highly phosphorylated by CK1 gamma in the presence of sulfatide. Our results presented here suggest that (i) sulfatide may function as an effective stimulator for autophosphorylation of CK1; and (ii) cellular SCS-binding proteins, containing novel phosphorylation motifs for CK1, may be preferentially phosphorylated by CK1 with isoform specificity at the highly accumulated level of SCS in the brain.”
“Objectives: To determine the patterns and proximity of 432 reflux events in patients with adult-onset asthma (AOA) using hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII) and to assess outcomes of antireflux surgery (ARS) in patients with AOA.\n\nDesign: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.\n\nSetting: University hospital.\n\nPatients, Interventions, and Outcomes: All patients with AOA referred to our testing center underwent HMII, and those with abnormal proximal exposure, defined as laryngopharyngeal reflux at least once a day and/or high esophageal reflux at least 5 times a day, subsequently underwent ARS.

We suggest that the retention of structural complexity on ski runs (e.g. through the cessation of mowing during peak reptile activity periods) and/or revegetation with native plant communities will concurrently provide refuge from predators and buffer against extreme temperatures, making ski runs more hospitable to reptiles.

Based on our findings, we emphasize that effective management strategies targeting subalpine biodiversity conservation require an understanding of the drivers that determine species distributions in these landscapes.”
“1. Artificial night lighting threatens to disrupt strongly conserved light-dependent processes in animals and may have cascading effects on ecosystems as species interactions become altered. Insectivorous bats and their prey have been involved in a nocturnal, co-evolutionary arms race for millions of years. Lights may interfere with anti-bat defensive behaviours in moths, and disrupt a complex and globally LY333531 datasheet ubiquitous interaction between bats and insects, ultimately leading to detrimental consequences for ecosystems on a global scale. 2. We combined experimental and

mathematical approaches to determine effects of light pollution on a free-living bat-insect see more community. We compared prey selection by Cape serotine bats Neoromicia capensis in naturally unlit and artificially lit conditions using a manipulative field experiment, and developed a probabilistic model based on a suite of prey-selection factors to explain differences in observed

diet. 3. Moth consumption by N. capensis was low under unlit conditions (mean percentage volume +/- SD: 5.91 +/- 6.25%), while moth consumption increased sixfold (mean percentage volume +/- SD: 35.42 +/- 17.90%) under lit conditions despite a decrease in relative moth abundance. Predictive prey-selection models that included high-efficacy estimates for eared-moth defensive behaviour found most support given ON-01910 Cell Cycle inhibitor diet data for bats in unlit conditions. Conversely, models that estimated eared-moth defensive behaviour as absent or low found more support given diet data for bats in lit conditions. Our models therefore suggest the increase in moth consumption was a result of light-induced, decreased eared-moth defensive behaviour. 4. Policy implications. In the current context of unyielding growth in global light pollution, we predict that specialist moth-eating bats and eared moths will face ever-increasing challenges to survival through increased resource competition and predation risk, respectively. Lights should be developed to be less attractive to moths, with the goal of reducing effects on moth behaviour. Unfortunately, market preference for broad-spectrum lighting and possible effects on other taxa make development of moth-friendly lighting improbable. Mitigation should therefore focus on the reduction of temporal, spatial and luminance redundancy in outdoor lighting.

4% vs. 17.8%, P smaller than 0.05). Univariate regression analysis showed that the advanced age, concomitant hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, change in consciousness, low GCS score on admission and hydrocephalus were associated with a poor prognosis; timely anti-TB treatment and reasonable hormone applications predicted a favorable outcome. Multivariate regression analysis showed that advanced age, change in consciousness, low GSC score and concomitant hydrocephalus were independent risk factors of TBM, and use of prednisone learn more at bigger than

= 60 mg/d was protective factor for TBM (P=0.003, OR=0.013). Conclusions: The advanced age, changes in consciousness, low GCS score on admission and concomitant hydrocephalus are independent risk factors of TBM. For patients with risk factors, diagnostic anti-TB therapy and reasonable hormone therapy should be performed timely to reduce mortality

and disability.”
“The effect of thrombin on tumor cell cycle activation and spontaneous growth was examined in NU7026 synchronized serum-starved tumor cell lines and a model of spontaneous prostate cancer development in TRAMP mice. BrdUrd incorporation and propidium iodide staining of prostate LNCaP cells arrested in Go and treated with thrombin or serum revealed a 48- and 29-fold increase in S phase cells, respectively, at 8 hours. Similar results were obtained with TRAMP cells and a glioblastoma cell line, T98G. Cell cycle kinases and inhibitors in synchronized tumor cells revealed high levels of p27(Kip1) and low levels of Skp2 and cyclins D1 and A. Addition of thrombin, TFLLRN, or serum down-regulated p27(Kip1) with concomitant induction of Skp2, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin A with similar kinetics. LNCaP p27(Kip1)-transfected cells or Skp2 knockdown cells were refractory to thrombin-induced cell cycle activation. MicroRNA 222, an inhibitor of p27(Kip1), was robustly up-regulated by thrombin. The in vitro observations were tested in vivo with transgenic TRAMP mice. Repetitive thrombin injection enhanced prostate tumor volume 6- to 8-fold (P < 0.04). Repetitive hirudin, a

specific potent antithrombin, decreased tumor volume 13- to 24-fold (P < 0.04). Thus, thrombin stimulates Belnacasan tumor cell growth in vivo by down-regulation of p27K’p’. [Cancer Res 2009;69(8):3374-81]“
“Thirty NF1-patients (mean age 11.7 years, SD = 3.3) and 30 healthy controls (mean age 12.5 years, SD = 3.1) were assessed on social skills, autistic traits, hyperactivity-inattention, emotional problems, conduct problems, and peer problems. Cognitive control, information processing speed, and social information processing were measured using 5 computer tasks. GLM analyses of variance showed significant group differences, to the disadvantage of NF1-patients, on all measures of behavior, social functioning and cognition.

First published February 9, 2012; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01508.2011.-Quantifying sweat gland activation provides important information when explaining differences in sweat rate between populations and physiological conditions. However, no standard technique has been proposed to measure sweat gland activation, while the reliability of sweat gland activation measurements is unknown. We examined the interrater and internal reliability of the modified-iodine paper technique, as well as compared computer-aided analysis to manual counts of sweat gland activation. Iodine-impregnated paper was pressed

against the skin of 35 participants in whom sweating was elicited by exercise in the heat or infusion of methylcholine. The number of active glands was subsequently determined by computer-aided Nepicastat mouse analysis. In total, 382 measurements were used to evaluate: 1) agreement between computer analysis and manual counts; 2) the interrater reliability VS-4718 of computer analysis between independent investigators; and 3) the internal reliability of sweat gland activation measurements between duplicate samples. The number of glands identified with computer analysis did not differ from manual counts

(68 +/- 29 vs. 72 +/- 24 glands/cm(2); P = 0.27). These measures were highly correlated (r = 0.77) with a mean bias +/- limits of agreement of -4 +/- 38 glands/cm(2). When comparing computer analysis measures between investigators, values were highly correlated (r = 0.95; P < 0.001)

and the mean bias +/- limits of agreement was 4 +/- 18 glands/cm2. Finally, duplicate measures of sweat gland activation were highly correlated (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) with a mean bias +/- limits of agreement of 3 +/- 29 glands/cm(2). These results favor the use of the modified-iodine paper technique with computer-aided analysis as a standard technique to reliably evaluate the number of active sweat glands.”
“Background/Aims: The fate of intrahepatic NK cell subsets in the course of HCV and HBV infections is not clearly understood.\n\nMethods: Blood and intrahepatic CD56(+) NK cell subsets (expressing NKG2A, CD158a,h or CD158b,j receptors) from HCV or HBV patients were quantified by flow cytometry and localized by immunohistochemistry in liver biopsies.\n\nResults: A QNZ mw significant reduction in NK cell frequency and a quantitative imbalance between CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) subsets were observed in chronic HCV patients as compared to HBV patients, underlining that the inflammatory environment is not the only cause of these phenomena. The proportions of intrahepatic NK cells expressing either NKG2A, and/or CD158a,h, CD158b,j differed significantly between HCV and HBV patients. A higher frequency of perforin among intrahepatic CD56(+)CD3(-) cells was observed in HCV compared to HBV patients. Double inummohistochemical staining showed that CD56(+)CD3(-) cells were localized within necrotic areas.

(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: American tegumentary leishmaniasis

has an annual incidence of 1 to 1.5 million cases. In some cases, the patient’s immune response can eliminate the parasite, and the lesion spontaneously resolves. However, when this does not occur, patients develop the disseminated form of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. METHODS: A retrospective study of the medical records of 47 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data were collected, and semi-quantitative histopathological analyses were SBE-β-CD solubility dmso performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Mean patient age was 40.5 years. A total of 29.7% individuals were female and 70.2% were male, and 40.4% of the patients were farmers. The ulcerative form was found in 53.2% Mdm2 inhibitor of patients, of whom 59.6% had lesions in the limbs. The average time to diagnosis was 22.3 months. The following positive correlations were significant: age and duration of the disease, Montenegro reaction, degree of granulomatous transformation and epithelioid cell count; duration

of disease, Montenegro reaction and number of lymphocytes; epithelial hyperplasia and edema, hemorrhaging, and epithelial aggression; number of plasmocytes and number of parasites. The main negative correlations found were as follows: age and serology; time and parasite load; epithelial hyperplasia and degree of granulomatous transformation. CONCLUSION: The long duration of the disease could be explained by the fact that lesions were relatively asymptomatic, and therefore ignored by patients with low literacy levels. Individuals may have simply waited for spontaneous

healing, which Stem Cell Compound Library proved to be dependent on the activation of hyper-sensitivity mechanisms.”
“Here we continue to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa ascribed to the primarily lichen-forming families Trypetheliaceae, Monoblastiaceae and Arthopyreniaceae. We demonstrate that the genera Julella and Arthopyrenia do not form monophyletic groups with taxa from these genera instead being placed both in Pleosporales and Trypetheliales. Within Dothideomycetes, lichen-forming species with brown ascospores are generally placed in the genera Mycomicrothelia, Architrypethelium, and Aptrootia in the family Trypetheliaceae. We tested the taxonomic placement of Anisomeridium phaeospermum, in Monoblastiaceae. This species produces brown-spores with wall ornamentation and therefore appears morphologically similar to Mycomicrothelia. Despite these morphological similarities, molecular data confirmed its placement in Anisomeridium. Consequently, the distinction between these two genera is in need of clarification and ascus characters are identified as the principal discriminating feature.

We aimed to study the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region in African American Type1 diabetes. Methods Two hundred and twenty-seven African American patients

with Type1 diabetes and 471 African American control subjects were tested for association at the HLA classII genes, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1 and 5147 single nucleotide polymorphisms across the major histocompatibility complex region using logistic regression models. Population admixture was accounted for with principal components analysis. Results Single nucleotide polymorphism marker associations were explained by the HLA associations, with the major peak over the classII loci. The HLA association overall was extremely strong, as expected for Type1 diabetes, even in African Americans in whom diabetes diagnosis is heterogeneous. In addition, there were unique features: the HLA-DRB1*03 haplotype was split into HLA-DRB1*03:01, A-769662 purchase which Selleck MLN2238 confers greatest susceptibility in these samples (odds ratio3.17, 95%CI 1.725.83) and HLA-DRB1*03:02, an allele rarely observed in Europeans, which confers the greatest protection

in these African American samples (odds ratio0.22, 95%CI 0.090.55). Conclusions The unique diversity of the African HLA region we have uncovered supports a specific and major role for HLA-DRB1 in HLA-DRB1*03 haplotype-associated Type1 diabetes Selleck LY2835219 risk.”
“The use of opioid agonists acting outside the central nervous system (CNS) is a promising therapeutic strategy for pain control that avoids deleterious central side effects such

as apnea and addiction. In human clinical trials and rat models of inflammatory pain, peripherally restricted opioids have repeatedly shown powerful analgesic effects; in some mouse models however, their actions remain unclear. Here, we investigated opioid receptor coupling to K+ channels as a mechanism to explain such discrepancies. We found that GIRK channels, major effectors for opioid signalling in the CNS, are absent from mouse peripheral sensory neurons but present in human and rat. In vivo transgenic expression of GIRK channels in mouse nociceptors established peripheral opioid signalling and local analgesia. We further identified a regulatory element in the rat GIRK2 gene that accounts for differential expression in rodents. Thus, GIRK channels are indispensable for peripheral opioid analgesia, and their absence in mice has profound consequences for GPCR signalling in peripheral sensory neurons.”
“Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of hepatic dysfunction. The disease spectrum ranges from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to identify metabolic differences in murine models of simple hepatic steatosis and NASH for the distinction of these NAFLD stages.

05). The Botox group showed a smaller number of fibroblasts and less fibrosis than the control group at the 4th week (P<0.05). The Botox group showed much strong collagen density than the control group at the 8th week (P<0.05). For the immunohistochemical staining, there was a lower transforming

growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 expression in the Botox group than that of the control group at the 4th week (P<0.05).\n\nConclusion. The wounds of the Botox-treated group showed a larger wound size, less infiltration of inflammatory cells and less fibrosis, a much GS-9973 datasheet greater amount of collagen and a lower expression of TGF-beta 1 than did the control group. Botox might be used to decrease the fibrosis of a surgical wound without SNS-032 damaging the epithelial growth in situations for which decreased fibrosis is necessary, such as for treating laryngeal, tracheal and nasal stenosis.”
“Inflammatory process has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and insoluble amyloid beta deposits and neurofibrillary tangles provide the obvious stimuli for inflammation. The present study demonstrate the effect of pretreatment of 1,8-cineole (Cin) on inflammation induced by A beta((25-35)) in differentiated PC12 cells. The cells were treated with Cin at different doses for 24 h and then replaced by media containing

A beta((25-35)) for another 24 h. The cell viability was decreased in A beta((25-35)) treated cells which was significantly restored by Cin pretreatment. Cin successfully reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS and NO levels in A beta((25-35)) treated cells. Cin also lowered the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta

and IL-6 in A beta((25-35)) treated cells. Moreover, Cin also succeeded in lowering the expression of NOS-2, COX-2 and NF-kappa B. This study suggests the protective effects of Cin on inflammation and provides additional evidence for its potential beneficial use in therapy as an anti-inflammatory agent in neurodegenerative disease.”
“Arm morbidity following unilateral Latissimus Dorsi (LD) flap harvest see more is controversial and bilateral harvest is considered potentially disabling. Arm and shoulder disability was investigated in patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy and immediate LD flap reconstruction. Thirty consecutive bilateral immediate reconstructions with denervated LD flaps, performed between 2005-2009, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were assessed for arm function by conducting the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) test, between 12-51 months after surgery (mean 23 months). Disability scores ranged from 1-100%, with 1-25% being regarded as mild dysfunction, 26-50% as moderate dysfunction, 51-75% as severe dysfunction, and 76-100% as total dysfunction. A statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test and the multivariate linear regression model for variables. The Global Mean Dash score was 14.8%.

15%). Novel weak associations were also observed for low levels of osbond acid (R-2 <= 0.29%) and FADS variants with opposite effects for intron variants and variants in the promoter region such as rs3834458 (R-2 <= 0.38%).\n\nConclusions: These results support the positive role of maternal arachidonic acid and DHA on fetal neural development, RG-7112 purchase although the effects on child IQ by 8 y of age were small (0.1 SD), with other factors contributing more

substantially. The endogenous synthesis of these FAs by FADS genes, especially FADS2, may also be important. The replication of these results is recommended.”
“The tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, shows a short ovarian cycle of 24-26 days in nonmouthbrooding condition. In this study, the stripped female O. mossambicus were exposed to repeated mild acute stressors such as handling, chasing, frequent netting and low water levels daily for a period of 26

days. GANT61 mouse The follicular dynamics did not show significant difference during previtellogenic phase (day 12), whereas the mean number of stage IV (vitellogenic) follicles remained significantly lower compared with controls at the end of vitellogenic phase (day 18). The stage V (vitellogenic, preovulatory) follicles were completely absent in contrast to their presence in controls prior to spawning (day 23). The control fish spawned spontaneously after 24 days and entered mouthbrooding phase, whereas those exposed to stressors did not spawn. Furthermore, the serum levels of estradiol (E-2) remained significantly lower concomitant with a significant increase in the serum cortisol concentration during vitellogenic and prespawning phase compared with those of the controls. The LH cells in the PPD of the pituitary gland showed weak immunoreactivity through vitellogenic and prespawning phase in fish exposed to stressors indicating the diminished secretory activity in contrast to the intensely stained ir-material in controls. The

study reveals the disruptive effects of aquacultural stressors find more on the spawning cycle through suppression of LH and E-2 secretion along the pituitary-ovary axis. The results suggest that the ovarian stress response depends on the phase of the cycle and that the interruption of the spawning cycle is due to inhibition of recruitment of preovulatory follicles in O. mossambicus.”
“Co-SnO2 composite nanofibers were synthesized by an electrospinning method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Gas sensors were fabricated by spinning these nanofibers onto flat ceramic substrates, which had signal electrodes and heaters on their top and bottom surfaces, respectively. Compared with sensors loaded with pure SnO2 nanofibers, the Co-SnO2 nanofiber sensors exhibited improved acetone sensing properties with high selectivity and rapid response and recovery times.

“
“Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate selleckchem the effect

of mild-to-moderate (m-mod) traumatic brain injury (TBI) on spontaneous object (SO) recognition and temporal order (TO) memory in male Wistar rats and to compare the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) and simvastatin (Sim) on SO and TO memory post-injury.\n\nResearch design: A randomized repeated measure experimental design was used.\n\nMethods and procedure: Seven days after arrival, animals received the injury or sham surgery. Using a Y-shaped maze, SO and TO memory was assessed in the two groups of animals at 6, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7, 14, 21 and 35 days post-surgery. Total time exploring each object and discrimination ratio were calculated and analysed. Then SO and TO memory were compared between two groups that received either Sim or EE for 2 hours daily starting 24 hours post-injury and a sham group that received saline for 14 days post-injury.\n\nResults: The results showed that the injury impaired SO and TO memory compared to the sham up to 35 days post-trauma. Injured animals exhibited familiarity preference, novelty aversion and see more impaired TO performance. EE improved the animals’ SO recognition deficits 7 days post-injury after a shorter delay (1 minute) only

and Sim reversed TO memory deficits 14 days post-injury after a longer delay (60 minutes).\n\nConclusion: Persistent SO and TO memory deficits follow TBI in animals; Simv and EE seem to be promising therapies of TBI memory deficits.”
“Approximately 850bp of the mitochondrial

control region was used to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic expansion of the endangered cyprinid Barbus altianalis, a species known to be potamodramous in the Lake Victoria drainage system. The 196 samples taken from the four main rivers draining the Etomoxir Lake Victoria catchment (Nzoia, Yala, Nyando and Sondu-Miriu) yielded 49 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes; 83.7% thereof were private haplotypes restricted to particular rivers. The overall mean haplotype diversity was high (0.93663 +/- 0.008) and ranged between 0.566 (Sondu – Miriu) and 0.944 (Nzoia). The overall mean nucleotide diversity was low (0.01322 +/- 0.00141), ranging from 0.0342 (Sondu – Miriu) to 0.0267 (Nzoia). Population differentiation tests revealed strong and highly significant (P0.001) segregation of populations in the four river basins. F-ST values among the four river-based populations ranged from 0.05202 to 0.44352. The samples formed two main haplotype networks based on a 95% parsimony criterion, each exhibiting a strong signature of past population expansion. The smaller network was restricted to the River Nzoia, whereas the larger network contained representatives from all four rivers; within this the central haplotypes were found in more than one river, whereas the peripheral haplotypes tended to be river-specific.