Especially, the large share of temporary workers having (1) high-strain jobs and those having (2) passive jobs may be at risk of entrapment in precarious employment, and even unemployment. High-strain work may lead to health and well-being problems (Karasek 1979; Häusser et al. 2010), whereas passive workers may have fewer learning opportunities (Van der Doef and Maes 1999), which may lower their employability. Therefore, measures aimed at improving the quality of working life are needed. In combination GSK-3 inhibitor with measures targeting

job insecurity, they may be effective in reducing contract differences in work-related attitudes. In order to improve the quality of working life among temporary workers, the latter could better

be treated as primary segment workers (e.g. in terms of salary, career opportunities, work–time control and fringe benefits). Especially since 70% of the Dutch employers report small to large differences in the way they treat their temporary versus their permanent personnel, which often means better career and training opportunities among the latter (Isaksson et al. 2010). Furthermore, a longitudinal study showed a reduction in job insecurity after acquiring permanent, and thus job secure work (Virtanen et al. 2003). Similar results may be obtained by offering temporary workers better work security guarantees (Bryson et al. 2009). Strengths and limitations The most important limitation of the current study is its cross-sectional design, meaning that no causal inferences concerning the associations between employment contracts and the quality of click here working life, job insecurity, health Opaganib mw and work-related attitudes can be drawn. It should be noted that the causal direction of the associations among employment contract, health and work-related attitudes may well be reversed, as it is unlikely that employees with (chronic) health and well-being problems will easily find permanent employment. Secondly, we only measured task demands and autonomy to assess the quality of working life, whereas other job characteristics, such as social support, may also be of importance

(Kompier 2003). Finally, this study employed a sample of Dutch employees only. In some respects, there are large differences within the European Union, for example with regard to the number of temporary workers, employment protection legislation with regard to permanent and temporary contracts, job quality and job insecurity (European Commission 2008; Leschke and Watt 2008). Therefore, the degree to which our findings can be generalised to other countries is unknown. The strongest point of the current study is its large and representative national sample. This allowed us to differentiate among four types of temporary work, including agency and on-call work, which are not always systematically separated (e.g. Kompier et al. 2009).

2009; Rehman et al. 2010). Like in most emerging economies, the development of a modern electricity supply system in India

has been mainly confined to a centralized electricity system based on fossil fuels, especially coal—largely following the development pathways of developed economies. Coal is expected to remain a prominent fuel within the overall electricity mix in India and increase to produce more than 70 % of all power generated in 2030 (IEA 2011). This development trajectory has potentially large benefits, because it can assist in meeting the demands for power by a rapidly growing middle-class population, and it will improve the overall environmental efficiency of the power sector by using state-of-the-art technology (currently, Indian power

plants are among the least efficient in the world). However, the choice for further development of an Indian fossil-based system of centralized selleck chemicals energy planning and supply also has other very fundamental consequences, especially those related to climate change-inducing effects, exhaustion of fossil fuels resources (and increasing competition for these resources on the global markets), and risks of energy security and vulnerability to terrorist attacks. Obviously, pursuing a centralized fossil fuel-based development pathway needs rethinking in the light of these challenges—something that is increasingly acknowledged by countries in both the developed and the developing world. An important question in this debate is where innovations are coming from that can contribute to more sustainable development pathways. Often cited examples selleck screening library in the West are Germany and Denmark, who are frontrunners in developing and applying renewable energy technologies. However, recently, a number of claims have been made in the literature that the prospects of alternative development

pathways in emerging economies in Asia are also becoming more likely, and that these economies might even leapfrog Western initiatives (Berkhout et al. 2009, 2010; Hultman et al. 2011; Kaplinsky 2011; Romijn and Caniëls 2011; Binz and Truffer 2009). This literature argues that globalization, the development of science and technology capabilities in non-Western countries, and rapidly growing local markets are changing the geography of innovation. A 2010 special report on innovation Temsirolimus clinical trial in emerging markets from The Economist claimed that ‘The world’s creative energy is shifting to the developing countries, which are becoming innovators in their own right rather than just talented imitators. A growing number of the world’s business innovations will in the future come not from “the West” but “the rest”’ (The Economist 2010). Levi et al. (2010) argue that “India is not likely to offer major breakthroughs, but it will create increasingly cost-effective business models for supplying energy in developing economies.

The activity results have been compared with the best commercial TiO2 photocatalyst (Aeroxide P25, Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany), and the involved mechanism has been discussed. Methods Synthesis of the materials The mesoporous silica material (KIT-6) was obtained by following the procedure shown in recent works [8, 9]. After a hydrothermal treatment, the obtained solid product was filtered, dried, and/or calcined at 550°C for 5 h and was then utilized to prepare Ti-KIT-6 (dried or calcined). The dried and calcined KIT-6 materials were then treated with titanium

(IV) isopropoxide (98%) at different Si/Ti ratios (200, 100, and 50), and finally calcined to obtain Ti-KIT-6 according the procedure recently reported in [10]. Characterization of the materials The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using a Varian see more model Cary 500 spectrophotometer with a quartz cell (Palo Alto, CA, USA) suitable for measuring powders. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area (S BET), pore volume (PV), and average pore diameter (APD) were measured on the powder materials, which had previously BGB324 supplier been outgassed at 150°C using Micromeritics FlowPrep 060 (Norcross, GA, USA) (sample degas system), by means of N2 sorption at 77 K

on a Micromeritics Tristar II (surface area and porosity) instrument. The TEM images were taken from the thin edges of the sample particles using a TEM Philips CM12 (Amsterdam, Netherlands), with a LaB6 filament and a double-tilt holder, operating at 120 kV. The FT-IR spectra were collected at a resolution of 2 cm−1 on a PerkinElmer FT-IR spectrophotometer equipped with an MCT detector (Waltham, MA, USA). The XPS spectra were recorded using a PHI 5000 Versa Probe (Chanhassen, MN, USA), with a scanning ESCA microscope (Trieste, Italy) fitted with an Al monochromatic X-ray source (1486.6 eV, 25.6 W), a beam diameter of 100 μm, a neutralizer at 1.4 eV 20 mA, and in FAT analyzer

mode. Photocatalytic reaction The basic Cell press experimental setup can be found in the previous work [11]. It includes a Pyrex glass reactor (Savat di Rasetti Giuseppe & C. S.a.s, Torino, Italy), connectors, mass flow controllers, water bubbler, and a UV lamp (300 W, Osram Ultra-Vitalux, Munich, Germany). It also has a CO2 gas cylinder (99.99%), a gas chromatograph (Varian CP-3800) equipped with a capillary column (CP7381), a flame ionization detector (FID), and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). A photocatalytic reaction was performed in the reactor, which contained 0.5 g of photocatalyst. CO2 gas was introduced into the reactor at 50 mL/min for 30 min, after passing it through the water bubbler and has an adsorption-desorption balance; this is to saturate the catalysts with CO2 and H2O. A 0.1-g glass wool wet with 0.

These primers were also used for integron sequence determination. For sequencing of IP-1, which contains three gene cassettes

(dfrA12, orfF and aadA2), a third internal primer (STR-R1) targeting the region aadA2 was used. The isolates displaying the two integrons typical of SGI1 were subject to amplification of the left, right and retronphage junctions, as well as for the antimicrobial resistance CH5424802 solubility dmso genes tetG, floR, pse-1 and aadA2. To further characterize the 5′ and 3′ CS regions of integrons, as well as to search for isolates containing integrons without gene cassettes, the class 1 integrase (intI1) and qacEΔ1 genes were amplified. To determine the location of integrons for some representative isolates, plasmid profiles were generated and transferred to positively charged membranes. Probes were derived from

the PCR products of intI1 and aadA2 genes, and labelled radioactively with 32P. Hybridizations were performed under high stringency conditions at 68°C. Statistical Analysis Statistical testing of differences in proportions was conducted using the chi-square test with Yates’ correction; p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Strength of association between nominal variables was assessed by calculating the odds ratio (OR). Nucleotide accession numbers and database searches Only one representative sequence for each of the alleles found was submitted to the GenBank database. The spvC, rck, traT, Vadimezan research buy aadA2 and pse-1 partial sequences for strain

sopus02–4 were submitted under accession numbers [GenBank:FJ460230], [GenBank:FJ460231], Urease [GenBank: FJ460232], [GenBank:FJ460233] and [GenBank:FJ460234], respectively. The cmy-2 and IP-1 (dfrA12, orfF and aadA2) partial sequences of strain yuhs04–31 were submitted under accession numbers [GenBank:FJ460235] and [GenBank:FJ460236], respectively. IP-1 from strain sores04–45 was submitted under accession number [GenBank:FJ460237]. IP-2 (dfrA17 and aadA5) partial sequence from strain mirapus04-3-1 was submitted under accession number [GenBank:FJ460238]. IP-3 (oxa-2 and orfD) from strain sohs04–31 was submitted under accession number [GenBank:FJ460239]. IP-4 (aadA12) from strain slhs02–20 was submitted under accession number [GenBank:FJ460240]. The nucleotide sequences generated in this work were compared to public databases using the BLAST algorithm at NCBI [80]. Acknowledgements This work was partially funded by research grants to EC from CONACyT, Mexico (No. 46115Q and 82383) and DGAPA/UNAM (No. IN201407); by a DGEP/UNAM scholarship and Ph.D. fellowship from CONACyT (No. 238861/214945) to MW; and by a CONACyT postdoctoral fellowship (No. 54956) to CS. We thank Pablo Vinuesa for thoughtful discussions; the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers; Freddy Campos (Mérida) for technical assistance; and to Eugenio López, Santiago Becerra, Paul Gaytán and Jorge Yañez for primer synthesis at the Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM.

2. The range of the quality score was 10–20 (maximum 23) with a mean

of 14.6 ± 2.6 and a median of 15. Of the studies, 11 had high quality (scores of 16 or higher), including 8 of 13 studies on musculoskeletal disorders; 15 had moderate quality (scores of 12–15), including 6 of 8 studies on skin disorders; and 6 had low quality (scores of 10 or 11). Fig. 2 Methodological quality graph: Review authors’ judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies Important reasons for lower study quality were a small sample size, low response rate, no control group, long interval between self-report GSK3 inhibitor and expert assessment, and lack of blinding to the outcomes of self-report while performing clinical examination or testing. Characteristics of included studies Additional Table 5 summarizes the main features of the 32 included studies, grouped according to the health condition measured: the measure/method for self-report, whether the participant was specifically asked questions on a possible relation between health impairment and work, the reference standard, the description and size of the study sample, and our quality assessment of the study. Table 5 Characteristics of included studies Dabrafenib in vitro   Reference Self-report measure WR Reference standard Population description and number of participants Study quality Musculoskeletal disorders 1 Åkesson

et al. (1999) NMQ 7 d/12 mo; No Examination on the same day measuring clinical findings and diagnoses Sweden: 90 female dental personnel and 30 controls (medical nurses) 20, High Present pain ratings on scale 2 Bjorksten et al. (1999) NMQ-Modified; GNA12 No Examination on the same day by physiotherapist following a structured schedule Sweden: 171 unskilled female workers in monotonous work in metal-working or food-processing industry 16, High Current pain rating on VAS scale; Body map pain drawings 3 Descatha et al. (2007) RtS NMQ-Upper Extremities No Standardized clinical examination. Positive if (1) diagnosis “proved” during clinical examination,

(2) diagnosis “proved” before clinical examination (e.g., previous diagnosis by a specialist, and (3) suspected diagnosis (not all of the criteria were met in clinical examination) France: “Repetitive task” survey (RtS) 1,757 workers in 1993–1994 and 598 workers in 1996–1997 17, High 4 Descatha et al. (2007) PdLS NMQ-Upper Extremities No Standardized clinical examination, using an international protocol for the evaluation of work-related upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders (SALTSA) “Pays de Loire” survey (PdLS) 2,685 workers in 2002–2003. 17, High 5 Juul-Kristensen et al. (2006) NMQ-Upper Extremities-Modified No Physiotherapist and physician performed the clinical examination and five physical function tests, all according to a standardized protocol Denmark: 101 female computer users (42 cases, 61 controls) 16, High 6 Kaergaard et al.

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01 0.23 ± 0.00 0.41 ± 0.01 Chemostat, D = 0.15 h-1; 2.8 mM Glc, 2.8 mM Ac 0.19 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 Batch; 2.8 mM Glc, 2.8 mM Ac 0.09 ± 0.00 0.07 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.00 Chemostat, D = 0.15 h-1; 0.28 mM

Glc, 0.28 mM Ac 0.23 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.01 Batch; 0.28 mM Glc, 0.28 mM Ac 0.11 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.00 0.08 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.00 The values are represented as mean of the replicates ± standard error of the mean. Figure 1 Expression of ptsG , mglB and rpsM reporters at D = 0.15 h -1 . Fluorescence measurements represent expression of PptsG-gfp (green), PmglB-gfp (blue), PrpsM-gfp (red) and negative control (black). Bacteria were grown in minimal media supplemented with different PF-6463922 datasheet concentrations of D-glucose (Glc) or sodium acetate (Ac). The variation in

expression of the ptsG reporter is higher than the variation in expression of the mglB reporter. We thus used a second measure for variation in gene expression: the fraction of cells in a clonal population that expressed the transcriptional reporter above background levels. We subtracted the background fluorescence (log10 value of 1.3; see Methods) from the measurements of expression of PptsG-gfp and PmglB-gfp, for all growth conditions that we tested. Expression of PmglB-gfp was above background in 90.1-99.8% of the cells within a population (one measurement for each environmental condition presented in Table  3; Additional file 1: File S1), depending on the growth conditions. This implies that the vast majority of cells transcribe mglBAC regardless of the carbon sources present in the media or the growth

rate. Considering only cultures grown on glucose, Glutamate dehydrogenase 96.8-99.8% Selleckchem GS-1101 of the population expressed the mglB reporter above background. In the same conditions, the fraction of cells that did not express PptsG-gfp was in two cases above 5%. For instance, 8.6% of the cells in the population that was grown in the chemostats cultures [33] at D = 0.15 h-1 with 0.56 mM Glc did not express PptsG-gfp. It is conceivable that a subfraction of the cells that do not express PptsG-gfp is metabolically inactive. To test this, we compared the fraction of cells that does not express PptsG-gfp with the fraction of cells that does not express the ribosomal reporter PrpsM-gfp, measured under the same conditions. The ribosomal reporter indicated that only around 0.5% of the population did not transcribe the ribosomal protein (Table  3), i.e. those were probably dead or not actively dividing cells. This indirectly implies that most of the cells that did not express PptsG-gfp may be metabolically active and should thus engage in another glucose uptake strategy. Table 3 Percentage of cells within a population that expressed the reporters above the background level Experimental conditions rpsM ptsG mglB Chemostat, D = 0.15 h-1; 0.56 mM Glc 99.5 91.4 96.8 Batch; 0.56 mM Glc 99.7 99.2 99.7 Chemostat, D = 0.3 h-1; 0.56 mM Glc 99.7 82.2 97.7 Chemostat, D = 0.15 h-1; 5.6 mM Glc 99.6 96.

cStrain acquired from Martin Wiedmann (International Life Sciences Institute). dStrain acquired from Catherine Donnelly (Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont). For the in vivo study,

mice were infected via the intraperitoneal route with 1 × 105 cfu of L. monocytogenes EGDe::pPL2luxpHELP and at 30 minutes post infection were treated intraperitoneally with doses of either nisin A (58.82 mg/kg), nisin V (58.82 mg/kg) or PBS (negative control). Mitomycin C chemical structure On day three of the trial, IVIS imaging was used to quantify the level of infection through the detection of light emitted from the pathogen within the mice (Figure 3). While the initial image suggested that nisin A had reduced the amount of luminescence detected (relative light units or RLU), the difference was not statistically significant compared to the PBS-treated control group (Figure

4a). However, a statistically significant reduction (P = 0.044) in RLU measurements was observed in the nisin V treated group when compared to the PBS control group (Figure 4a). These results provide the first evidence of the enhanced in vivo efficacy of nisin V relative to nisin A. In addition, microbiological analysis of the liver and spleen was determined after the mice were euthanized. While no statistical difference in listerial Proteasome inhibitor numbers was observed in the liver between the nisin A and PBS-containing control groups, average pathogen numbers were significantly lower (P = 0.018) by over 1 log in the livers of the nisin V-treated groups (4.70 ± 0.5 log cfu) compared to the control group (6.27 ± 0.25 log cfu) (Figure 4b). Analysis of spleens further highlighted the ability of nisin V with respect to controlling L. monocytogenes EGDe::pPL2luxpHELP Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) infection. In contrast to the liver-related results, spleen cfu counts revealed that nisin A administration had significantly reduced Listeria numbers (5.7 ± 0.17 log cfu) (P < 0.015) compared to the control group (6.2 ± 0.2 log cfu) (Figure 4c). However, the number of Listeria cells in the spleens of nisin V treated animals was significantly lower again, at 5.1 ± 0.25 log

cfu, (P < 0.015) than that of the other groups (Figure 4c). While the application of lantibiotics in this way to control Listeria in vivo is novel, there have been previous successes with linear non-lantibiotic bacteriocins. Indeed, the class IIA bacteriocins, piscicolin 126 and pediocin PA-1 have been shown to effectively control L. monocytogenes in vivo[36, 37]. Figure 3 Analysis of effect of nisin A and nisin V on Listeria infection in mice 3 days after intraperitoneal infection with 1 × 10 5 CFU Listeria monocytogenes EGDe::pPL2 lux pHELP. Luminescence observed in animals injected with (a) phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (b) 58.82 mg/kg nisin A and (c) 58.82 mg/kg nisin V 30 minutes after Listeria infection. Figure 4 (a) Relative light unit (RLU) counts in mice 3 days after intraperitoneal infection with 1 × 10 5 CFU L. monocytogenes EGDe::pPL2luxpHELP.

1) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d x_2\rm d t = \mu c_2 – \mu \nu x_2 – \alpha c_2 x_2 – 2 \xi x_2^2 – \xi x_2 x_4 + 2\beta x_4 + \beta x_6 , $$ (4.2) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d x_4\rm d t = \alpha x_2 c_2 + \xi x_2^2 – \beta x_4 – \alpha c_2 x_4 – \xi x_2 x_4 + \beta x_6 , $$ (4.3) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d x_6\rm d t = \alpha x_4 c_2 + \xi x_2 x_4 – \beta x_6 , $$ (4.4) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm

d y_2\rm d t = \mu c_2 – \mu \nu y_2 – \alpha c_2 y_2 – 2 \xi y_2^2 – \xi y_2 y_4 + 2\beta y_4 + \beta y_6 , $$ (4.5) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d y_4\rm d t = \alpha y_2 c_2 + \xi y_2^2 – \beta y_4 – \alpha c_2 y_4 – \xi y_2 y_4 + \beta y_6 , $$ (4.6) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d

y_6\rm d t = \alpha y_4 c_2 + \xi y_2 y_4 – \beta y_6 . $$ (4.7) To analyse the symmetry-breaking in the system we transform the dependent coordinates DAPT from x 2, x 4, x 6, y 2, y 4, y 6 to total concentrations z, w, u and relative chiralities θ, ϕ, ψ according to $$ \beginarrayrclcrclcrcl x_2 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 z (1 + \theta) , & \quad\quad & x_4 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 w (1 + \phi) , & \quad\quad & x_6 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 find protocol u (1 + \psi) , \\[12pt] y_2 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 z (1 – \theta) , & \quad\quad & y_4 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 w (1 – \phi) , & \quad\quad & y_6 &=& \displaystyle\frac12 Phospholipase D1 u (1 – \psi) . \endarray $$ (4.8) We now separate the governing equations for the total concentrations of dimers (c, z), tetramers (w) and hexamers (u) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d c\rm d t = – 2 \mu c + \mu \nu z – \alpha c z – \alpha c w , $$ (4.9) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d z\rm d t = 2\mu c – \mu \nu z – \alpha c z – \xi z^2 (1+\theta^2) – \frac12

z w (1+\theta\phi) + \beta u + 2 \beta w , $$ (4.10) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d w\rm d t = \alpha c z + \frac12 \xi z^2 (1+\theta^2) – \beta w + \beta u – \alpha c w – \frac12 \xi z w (1+\theta\phi) , $$ (4.11) $$\displaystyle\frac\rm d u\rm d t = \alpha c w + \frac12 \xi z w (1+\theta\phi) – \beta u , $$ (4.12)from those for the chiralities $$\displaystyle \frac\rm d \psi\rm d t = \frac\alpha c wu (\phi-\psi) + \frac\xi z w2u ( \theta+\phi-\psi-\psi\phi\theta ) $$ (4.13) $$ \displaystyle \frac\rm d \phi\rm d t = \frac\alpha c z w (\theta-\phi) + \frac\xi z^22w ( 2\theta -\phi-\phi\theta^2) + \frac\beta uw (\psi-\phi) – \frac12 \xi z \theta (1-\phi^2) , $$ (4.14) $$\beginarrayrll\displaystyle \frac\rm d \theta\rm d t &=& -\frac2\mu c \thetaz – \xi z \theta(1-\theta^2) – \frac12 \xi w \phi (1-\theta^2) + \frac\beta u\psiz – \frac\beta u \thetaz \\&& + \frac2\beta w\phiz – \frac2\beta w \thetaz .\endarray $$ (4.