The incubation period was significantly increased by 40% for the +Si treatment. The area under spot blotch progress curve, number of lesions per cm2 of leaf area, and real disease severity significantly decreased by 62, 36 and 43.5% in +Si treatment. There was no significant JQ1 order effect of Si on lesion size. The role played by total soluble phenolics in the increased resistance to spot blotch of plants from both cultivars supplied with Si was not clear. Plants from cultivar BR-18 supplied with Si showed the highest values for concentration of lignin-thioglycolic acid derivatives during the most advanced stages

of fungus infection. Chitinase activity was high at the most advanced stages of fungus infection on leaves from both cultivars supplied with Si and may have had an effect on fungus growth based on the reduction of the components of resistance evaluated. Peroxidase activity was found to be high only at 96 h after inoculation of both cultivars supplied with Si. Polyphenoloxidase activity had no apparent effect on resistance regardless

of Si treatments. Results revealed that supplying Si to wheat plants can increase resistance against spot blotch. “
“Three hundred and forty-one isolates of Verticillium selleck dahliae from upland cotton collected from 2007 to 2009 in central China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces) were tested for vegetative compatibility MCE groups (VCGs) and PCR-based genotyping. Approximately 332 (97%) isolates belonged to VCG1A, whereas the remaining 9 (3%) isolates belonged to VCG2. PCR-based genotyping also divided the isolates into two groups, namely PCR patterns A and C. There is a complete correspondence

between the VCGs and genotypes (VCG1A to PCR pattern A and VCG2 to PCR pattern C). Representative isolates (10 VCG1A isolates, nine VCG2 isolates) were tested for virulence on seedlings of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cultivars E Mian 24 and Yin Rui 361). The VCG1A isolates caused cotton defoliation with the values of the disease severity index and the plant mortality being significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those caused by the VCG2 isolates, which did not cause any defoliation. Two isolates (one of each VCG) were also tested for virulence on 12 popular commercial upland cotton cultivars adapted in central China. Results showed that both isolates, particularly the defoliating pathotype (D pathotype) VCG1A isolate, were virulent on all the tested cotton cultivars. These results suggest that the D pathotype of V. dahliae is widely distributed and has become prevalent in central China. "
“Sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most dreaded plant diseases faced by the rice farmers all over the world.

catenella cells. “
“For cnidarians that can undergo

shifts in algal symbiont relative abundance, the underlying algal physiological changes that accompany these shifts are not well known. The sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima associates with the selleckchem dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei and the chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina, symbionts with very different tolerances to light and temperature. We compared the performance of these symbionts in anemones maintained in an 8–11.5 month outdoor common garden experiment with simulated intertidal conditions and three levels of shading (2, 43, and 85% ambient irradiance). Symbiont densities, mitotic indices, photophysiology and pigments were assessed at three time points during the summer, a period of high irradiance and solar heating during aerial exposure. Whereas S. muscatinei was either neutrally or positively affected by higher irradiance treatments, E. marina responded mostly negatively to high irradiance. E. marina in the 85% irradiance treatment exhibited significantly reduced Pmax and chlorophyll EPZ-6438 cell line early in the summer, but

it was not until nearly 3 months later that a shift in symbiont relative abundance toward S. muscatinei occurred, coincident with bleaching. Symbiont densities and proportions remained largely stable in all other treatments over time, and displacement of S. muscatinei by E. marina was not observed in the 2% irradiance treatment despite the medchemexpress potentially better performance of E. marina. While our results support the view that rapid changes in symbiont relative abundance are typically associated with symbiont physiological dysfunction and bleaching, they also show that significant temporal lags may occur between the onset of symbiont stress and shifts in symbiont relative abundances. “
“A hyperspectral imaging camera was combined with a bright-field microscope to investigate

the intracellular distribution of pigments in cells of the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, a synonym for H. lacustris (Chlorophyceae). We applied multivariate curve resolution to the hyperspectral image data to estimate the pigment contents in culture and revealed that the predicted values were consistent with actual measurements obtained from extracted pigments. Because it was possible to estimate pigment contents in every pixel, the intracellular distribution of the pigments was investigated during various life-cycle stages. Astaxanthin was localized specifically at the eyespot of zoospores in early culture stages. Then, it became widely distributed in cells, but subsequently localized differently than the chl.

e., bleeding, hematoma, infection, etc.) were observed and selleck screening library no elevation in the incidence of HCC was observed over a 192-week follow-up. In respect to short-term efficacy, the improvement in self-reported symptoms was

not different between the two groups. In respect to liver function at 1-4 weeks, the improvement in group A was superior to that in group B, as the improvement of ALB and TBIL levels and PT and MELD scores in group A were markedly superior to those in group B at 2-3 weeks after transplantation; however, ALT levels were not markedly changed. In respect to liver function at 1-48 weeks, the observed improvements were not maintained after 36 weeks. Furthermore, during the 192-week follow-up, results revealed no remarkable differences in the incidence of HCC or survival rate between the two groups. These finding

implied that autologous MMSC transplantation could not improve PD0325901 nmr the long-term prognosis of patients with liver failure caused by hepatitis B. Furthermore, in group A, no significant difference was observed in the incidence of HCC or survival rate at the different time points between patients with and without cirrhosis. Since cirrhosis is considered one of the most important risk factors for HCC and can lead to a high mortality for patients with hepatitis B,30, 31 our results provided evidence that autologous MMSC transplantation might exert protective effects for cirrhosis patients in regards to the occurrence of HCC and mortality. Based on the above results, we speculated that autologous MMSC transplantation was safe for patients with liver failure caused MCE公司 by hepatitis B. Autologous MMSC transplantation had favorable short-term efficacy (from postoperative weeks 4 to 36) and played important roles in repair after acute liver injury as well as improved disease condition and mortality. Also, for patients with cirrhosis, autologous MMSC transplantation might exert better protective effects in regards to the occurrence of HCC and mortality, but could not markedly improve the long-term prognosis of these patients. In addition, the transfusion of MMSCs was

performed through the proper hepatic artery. However, it has been shown to be inappropriate to perform the transfusion through the hepatic artery,26 and transfusion through peripheral veins may achieve more favorable outcomes.12, 14 Furthermore, the limited number of MMSCs in the bone marrow from patients for transfusion32 and that the homing ability was difficult to increase are the main causes of the compromised efficacy of autologous MMSC transplantation, and this may be why our autologous MMSC transplantation did not achieve acceptable long-term effects on prognosis. In vitro proliferation of autologous MMSCs and multiple transplantations with MMSCs with high purity and high density may be the key factors for improving the efficacy of transplantation.

Declaration of funding interests: full funding was provided by Octapharma. “
“Summary.  Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), a haemostatic bypassing agent, has been shown to be effective and well-tolerated in patients with haemophilia at standard doses of 90 and 270 mcg kg−1. A new room temperature stable formulation of rFVIIa was recently developed that was shown to be bioequivalent to and maintain the safety and efficacy profiles of the original formulation at a dose of 90 mcg kg−1. The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics and safety of rFVIIa-RT at a 270 mcg kg−1 dose. The pharmacokinetics and

safety of a 270 mcg kg−1 dose of the newly formulated room-temperature stable recombinant activated factor VII (BHK-rFVIIa-RT) was evaluated in 23 subjects with congenital haemophilia A or B. The pharmacokinetic profile for the 270 mcg kg−1 dose of BHK-rFVIIa-RT was in line EPZ-6438 nmr with what was previously observed for the 90 mcg kg−1 dose. The AUClast and Cmax of BHK-rFVIIa-RT at 270 mcg kg−1 (346.65 h IU mL−1 and 146.12 IU mL−1 respectively) were proportionally higher than those observed at the lower 90 mcg kg−1 dose of BHK-rFVIIa-RT (113.26 h IU mL−1 and 52.83 IU mL−1) demonstrating the dose-dependent nature of BHK-rFVIIa-RT activity. There were no thromboembolic events or related serious adverse events reported with the increased dose of BHK-rFVIIa-RT, and no patients withdrew because

of adverse events. This indicates that BHK-rFVIIa-RT was well tolerated at a higher dosage 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 and maintains the favourable safety profile selleck chemical established by rFVIIa. Therefore, the 270 mcg kg−1 dose of BHK-rFVIIa-RT shows dose-dependent pharmacokinetic effects that do not appear to increase the risk of serious adverse events. “
“Summary.  The optimal mode of delivery of a haemophilia carrier expecting a child is still a matter of uncertainty and debate. The aim of this commentary/review is to suggest that normal vaginal delivery should be the recommended mode of delivery for the majority of carriers, based on review of studies on obstetric aspects of haemophilia. About 2.0–4.0% of all haemophilia

boys born in countries with a good standard of health care will suffer from ICH during the neonatal period. This is an average figure including all modes of delivery and regardless of whether the carrier status of the mother or the haemophilia status of the foetus was known or not at the time of delivery. On the basis of current literature, one may conclude that the risk of serious bleeding in the neonate affected with haemophilia is small in conjunction with normal vaginal delivery. It should be possible to further reduce the low frequency of complications if appropriate precautions are taken when planning the delivery in pregnant woman with known carrier status, if the sex of the foetus is known and, even more, when the haemophilia status of the foetus is known.

Our findings corroborate previous results related to anatomical and functional convergence of trigeminal and cervical afferent pathways in animals and humans, and suggest that manual cervical modulation of this pathway is of potential benefit in migraine. Temporary reproduction of usual head pain when examining structures of the cervical spine is considered to be one of the key diagnostic criteria for cervicogenic headache,[1, 2] but this might also be important in other forms of headache. For example, we recently Opaganib demonstrated reproduction of usual head pain in 95% of migraineurs[3] fulfilling the International Headache Society’s Classification criteria for migraine[2] when examining the passive

accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs) of the atlanto-occipital (AO) and C2-3 spinal segments. The extremely high incidence of reproduction of headache in migraineurs could suggest an underlying cervicogenic basis for central sensitization of nociceptive second-order neurons in the trigeminocervical nucleus (TCN) with subsequent hyperexcitability to afferent stimulation.[4]

The notion of central sensitization considers an increased barrage of afferent noxious information from C-fibers onto second-order neurons as crucial in the development of this hyperexcitability.[5, 6] Moreover, it has been demonstrated that stimulation of afferents from deep somatic tissues such as joints and muscles is more effective than cutaneous

input in generating central hyperexcitability.[7, 8] More specifically, provocation of the deep paraspinal EPZ015666 tissues at the level of the atlanto-axial (C1-2) spinal segment was shown to induce central sensitization in medullary and C1-C2 dorsal horns.[9] Together, these findings suggest that hyperexcitability of nociceptive second-order neurons in the TCN could result from noxious afferent information from dysfunctional spinal segments, thereby increasing sensitivity to subclinical afferent information from the trigeminal field. The ensuing exaggerated information is perceived as noxious and results in pain. In support of this possibility, central sensitization evoked by stimulation of the greater occipital nerve (GON) resulted in occipital afferent activation of second-order neurons in the TCN[10, MCE 11] and increased excitability to dural input.[12] Further support was provided by modulation of the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) following blockade of the GON.[13, 14] The nBR is a trigeminofacial brainstem reflex and has been established as a valid technique for assessing central trigeminal transmission.15-18 Recently, the R2 component of the nBR was examined before and after unilateral GON blocks where it was found that the R2 latency increased and area under the curve (AUC) decreased after GON blockade.[13, 14] This result provides empirical evidence for a functional influence on trigeminal nociceptive inputs from cervical afferents.

Therefore, the authors suggest that BL polymorphisms in NS5A may significantly affect

the emergence of resistance, providing additional challenges for the evaluation of variants associated with clinical failures. To assess the naturally occurring rate of these resistant variants, we analyzed a cohort of HCV-1 null responders to pegylated-interferon (PegIFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy. These patients are optimal candidates for a daclatasvir regimen as shown by phase II studies.3 By direct sequencing we analyzed the N-terminal region of the NS5A protein in 8 HCV-1a and 28 HCV-1b subjects. Viral RNA was isolated from the plasma and the NS5A gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT) nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genotype-specific primers selleck kinase inhibitor and Platinum Taq high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Then, bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed using the BigDye Terminator v. 3.1 YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 mw Cycle Sequencing Kit and ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). We found multiple substitutions in the first 129 amino acids of NS5A with no known resistance to daclatasvir (Table 1). No HCV-1a subject had the Q30R-E62D linked variant identified by Sun et al., while we found the Q54H-Y93H linked variant in

one HCV-1b subject. Finally, all NS5A sequences from HCV-1b patients harbored changes at codon 28 and 30, which are of unknown significance.4 In conclusion, due to the low rates of naturally occurring resistant variants in the NS5A region found in HCV-1 null responders to PegIFN plus RBV, we do not support routine direct sequencing of HCV before starting daclatasvir. Enrico Galmozzi Ph.D.*, Alessio Aghemo M.D.*, Massimo Colombo M.D.*, * First Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. “
“Participation in the Conference on the Revision of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

With regard to the publication of the revised version (2nd edition) of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Wilson disease protein I would like to offer my frank impressions on taking part in the conference for developing these Guidelines as a clinical radiologist who is engaged in aspects of diagnostic imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography and radioisotope examinations, as well as radiotherapy. Also, I would like to express my gratitude for this opportunity to participate in the conference as a co-medical committee member in the Study Group for the Guidelines. The revision of these Guidelines took approximately 2 years, starting in 2007. During that time, the general meetings, in which I took part as a committee member, were held eight times with attendance of physicians who were authorities in each specialized field of clinical practice of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.

Therefore, the authors suggest that BL polymorphisms in NS5A may significantly affect

the emergence of resistance, providing additional challenges for the evaluation of variants associated with clinical failures. To assess the naturally occurring rate of these resistant variants, we analyzed a cohort of HCV-1 null responders to pegylated-interferon (PegIFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy. These patients are optimal candidates for a daclatasvir regimen as shown by phase II studies.3 By direct sequencing we analyzed the N-terminal region of the NS5A protein in 8 HCV-1a and 28 HCV-1b subjects. Viral RNA was isolated from the plasma and the NS5A gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT) nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genotype-specific primers CP-690550 mw and Platinum Taq high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Then, bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed using the BigDye Terminator v. 3.1 Selleckchem PLX4032 Cycle Sequencing Kit and ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). We found multiple substitutions in the first 129 amino acids of NS5A with no known resistance to daclatasvir (Table 1). No HCV-1a subject had the Q30R-E62D linked variant identified by Sun et al., while we found the Q54H-Y93H linked variant in

one HCV-1b subject. Finally, all NS5A sequences from HCV-1b patients harbored changes at codon 28 and 30, which are of unknown significance.4 In conclusion, due to the low rates of naturally occurring resistant variants in the NS5A region found in HCV-1 null responders to PegIFN plus RBV, we do not support routine direct sequencing of HCV before starting daclatasvir. Enrico Galmozzi Ph.D.*, Alessio Aghemo M.D.*, Massimo Colombo M.D.*, * First Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. “
“Participation in the Conference on the Revision of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

With regard to the publication of the revised version (2nd edition) of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Progesterone I would like to offer my frank impressions on taking part in the conference for developing these Guidelines as a clinical radiologist who is engaged in aspects of diagnostic imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography and radioisotope examinations, as well as radiotherapy. Also, I would like to express my gratitude for this opportunity to participate in the conference as a co-medical committee member in the Study Group for the Guidelines. The revision of these Guidelines took approximately 2 years, starting in 2007. During that time, the general meetings, in which I took part as a committee member, were held eight times with attendance of physicians who were authorities in each specialized field of clinical practice of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.

Koh, Eunice X. Tan, Khay Guan Yeoh, Khek Yu Ho, Yin-Mei Lee, How Cheng Low, Li Lin Lim, Lee Guan Lim Aim: Gastric varices (GV) occur in 20% of patients with portal hypertension either in isolation or in combination with esophageal varices (EV) [1]. Video endoscopic diagnosis of gastric varices is particularly limited owing to the deep submucosal or subserosal locations of the varices and the normal color

and appearance of the overlying mucosa [2]. We present and emphasize the value of Computerized Tomography (CT) examination in the early detecting of gastric varices (figure 1). Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 216 consecutive patients with cirrhosis were AZD1208 supplier recorded and evaluated in Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital between September 2008 and March 2011. All patients with were scheduled to undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. All patients underwent CT at the Radiology Department. Results: 130 cirrhotic patients with cirrhosis were enrolled in our study. CT identified the EV in 103/130 patients and endoscopy identified

the EV in 103/130 patients. CT identified the GV in 86/130 patients and endoscopy identified the GV in 26/130 patients. Post-Endoscopic elastic band selleck screening library ligation (EBL), CT identified the GV in 22/26 patients and endoscopy identified the GV in 7/26 patients. There were no significant differences in the MELD score between no GV on screening endoscopy and yes GV on screening endoscopy. However, there were significant differences in the MELD score between no GV on screening CT and yes GV on screening CT. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the CT is a sensitive method for early detecting GV, and has been used previously in the evaluation of GV. Figure1. The presence of submucosal fundal varices. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Murat Kekilli, Burak Suvak, Sarper Okten Aims: Liver cirrhosis (LC) is often complicated with hyperinsulinemia due Unoprostone to insulin resistance

(IR), which is considered to be closely related to shunt formation and impaired liver function. This study evaluates whether balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO), a minimally invasive, highly effective therapy for gastric varices (GV) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) caused by portosystemic shunts (PSS), can affect glucose and insulin metabolism in patients with LC. Methods: 25 cirrhotic patients (mean age=69.6 years; female/male=12/13; hepatitis C virus (HCV)/alcohol/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis=14/6/5; Child-Pugh’s (C-P) class A/B=10/15) with GV and/or HE caused by PSS due to portal hypertension (PH), who had never received antidiabetic medication, underwent B-RT〇 at our hospital. Testing was performed before and at 1 month after the procedure.

In ALD hepatic steatosis is a prerequisite of disease progresses to steatohepatitis (SH) at which stage the liver injury becomes evident. The mechanisms of steatosis in ALD are not fully understood however calcium-dependent signaling is activated in ALD in mice. Here we evaluated the component PFT�� concentration so calcium-dependent signaling cascade of importance in ALD. Methods: We fed alcohol (Lieber-deCarli) or control diet to control

C57Bl6 and NFAT-KO mice or cyclosporine (Cs)-treated C57Bl6 mice. Results: Alcohol diet-induced ALD in mice was defined by elevated liver Tg content and significant OilRedO liver tissue staining suggestive of steatosis, increased serum ALT suggestive of liver injury, and serum cytokines TNFα, IL-1, IL6, suggestive of inflammation, in C57Bl6 mice. There was significant elevation of calcium signaling

in livers of alcohol-fed animals compared to control diet, as revealed by higher expression of Calcineurin, PLC, PKC, and MAPKp38 and elevated NFAT activity. Alcohol, but not control, diet lead to significant induction ACS, SCD1, ELOV16, GPAT and DGAT, LDLR HMG-CoA reductase mRNA in the livers of ethanol-fed animals. Further, mature SREBP-1protein, suggestive of SREBP activation, was increased in liver of alcohol-fed animals. Inhibition of calcium signaling by either Cyclosporine treatment (at the level of Calcineurin) or by genetic NFAT deficiency see more partially prevented alcohol diet-induced upregulation of ACS, SCD1, ELOV16, GPAT and DGAT; more important, inhibition of calcium signaling led to partial protective against alcohol diet-induced liver injury and steatosis. NFAT protein was detected in selleckchem both KCs and Hpt. In vitro, palmitic acid-exposed Hepa1.6 cells, used as surrogate of Hpt, developed steatosis; this process was significantly impaired in Cs-treated and in NFAT deficient cells. Co-culture of Hepa 1.6 cells+palmitic acid with inflammatory (LPS-pretreated) KCs lead to further upregulation of lipid uptake; sole exposure

of KCs to cyclosporine did not prevent steatosis in co-culture. These data suggested that calcium-dependent signaling mechanisms are involved in lipid synthesis in hepatocytes at different levels, including lipogenesis and lipolysis, in a KC-dependent manner. In conclusion, we report novel finding that calcium signaling via calcineurin and NFAT is responsible for development of steatosis component of ALD in mice. It remains to be determined if modulation of individual components of calcium signaling machinery may be beneficial for delaying of steatosis and/or blunting of progression from HS to SH phases of ALD. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Keisaku Sato, Tracie C.

It is therefore likely that some of the G. resplendens species reported in the literature are Barrufeta since they possess a Barrufeta-type

apical groove. Fatty acids of Barrufeta were more similar to those of Karenia brevis than those obtained from other unarmored buy Depsipeptide analyzed species including three species of Gymnodinium and Akashiwo sanguinea. “
“Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK EMBL Outstation – Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important in prokaryotes and eukaryotes for cell–cell and cell–substratum interactions. The characteristics of adhesive proteins in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were investigated by bioinformatic analysis and in vivo characterization. Bioinformatic analysis of the protein coding potential of the P. tricornutum check details genome used an amino-acid profile that we developed as a new system to identify uncharacterized or novel CAMs. Putative diatom CAMs were identified and seven were characterized in vivo, by generation of transgenic diatom lines overexpressing genes encoding C-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion proteins. Three of these selected genes encode proteins with weak similarity to characterized proteins, a c-type lectin and two

fasciclins, whereas the others are novel. The resultant cell lines were investigated for alterations in their adhesive ability. Whole cell-substratum adhesion strength was measured in a fully turbulent flow chamber, while atomic force microscopy was used to quantify the relative frequency of

adhesion, as well as the length and strength of single molecules in the secreted mucilage. Finally, quartz crystal microbalance analysis characterized the visco-elastic properties and interaction of the mucilage–substratum interface. These combined studies revealed a range of phenotypes affecting adhesion, and led to the identification of candidate proteins Amrubicin involved in diatom adhesion. In summary, our study has for the first time combined bioinformatics and molecular physiological studies to provide new insights into diatom adhesive molecules. “
“Three species of marine phytoplankton, Rhodomonas sp., Isochrysis galbana Parke, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, were cultivated in semicontinuous cultures to test biochemical responses (fatty acids; FAs) to five nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P) supply ratios and four growth rates (dilution rates). The characteristic FA profile was observed for each algal species (representing particular algal class), which remained relatively stable across the entire ranges of N:P supply ratios and growth rates. For all species, significant direct effects of N:P supply ratios on FAs were found at lower growth rates.