1). With the emergence of cognitive neuroscience, researchers have been able to apply non-invasive and high spatial resolution techniques, such as

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to explore brain structure and cognition. While the brain structure changes that appear with aged-related cognitive decline are still under debate, meta-analysis conducted by Demakis31 has indicated an association between frontal lobe size and the executive function aspects of cognition. Furthermore, several brain regions, Fulvestrant chemical structure including the hippocampus32 and cerebral cortex33 have displayed decay in association with decreased cognitive performance, which implies that

these brain regions play an essential role in cognitive aging. An alternative approach for examining the brain and cognition is through investigation of brain activation, such as with single functional MRI (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) techniques. Typically, studies using these approaches detect brain activation during administration of a cognitive selleck inhibitor task. These approaches have reliably demonstrated differences in brain activity during multiple cognitive functions34 in older and younger adults. Generally speaking, older adults demonstrate two distinct neural activations, which has resulted in several interpretations. Specifically, aged-related deceased brain activity is typically thought to represent a cognitive deficit in older adults, whereas aged-related increased brain activity has been interpreted as either compensatory recruitment or CGK 733 more diffuse recruitment of neural resources for a given task (dedifferentiation) in an older population.35 Obviously, neuroimaging studies provide an in-depth approach to examining the underlying mechanism between Tai Ji Quan and cognition via the role of brain function. The

level of cardiovascular fitness has been linked to brain structure. Using an MRI technique, a pioneering study by Colcombe et al.36 observed that older adults with a higher fitness level displayed greater mass in prefrontal, superior parietal, and temporal cortices as well as greater anterior tracts compared to their counterparts. A similar positive association between cardiovascular fitness and these and other brain regions37 and 38 (e.g., hippocampus7 and 8) has also been observed. A positive influence of cardiovascular fitness on the medial temporal and parietal cortices, a brain region related to Alzheimer’s disease, has also been observed, suggesting that the beneficial effects of PA on cognition could be extended to adults with dementia.

The primary endpoint for the IgA analysis was the ratio of influenza-specific IgA against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, or B strains in the vaccine to total IgA antibody. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) of absolute strain-specific IgA and total IgA were also evaluated at all time points. For strain-specific and total IgA, values for samples with no IgA were find more imputed as 50% of the minimum detectable value. Detailed methodologies and specific reagents used for this analysis are available in Supplementary Text 1. Serum antibody titers were evaluated by HAI assay using standard methods, as previously described [14] and [20]. Seronegative subjects were

defined as those with a prevaccination HAI antibody titer of 4 or less; seropositive subjects were those with a titer greater than 4. An HAI response was defined as a 4-fold increase from prevaccination to postvaccination. For descriptive purposes, the IgA response was categorized using 3 measurements: the percentages of subjects with ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in the ratio of strain-specific to total IgA from inhibitors baseline and the geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) in the ratio of strain-specific to total IgA from baseline. Results were evaluated separately for each study. The correlation between nasal IgA and serum HAI antibody

responses was c-Met inhibitor evaluated across studies for each influenza type/subtype. To examine the relationship between IgA and the incidence of influenza illness, geometric mean postvaccination IgA ratios were compared between subjects with culture-confirmed influenza illness and those without evidence of culture-confirmed influenza illness. Influenza illness was evaluated for any influenza strain regardless of antigenic match to the vaccine as well as due to vaccine-matched strains. LAIV and placebo recipients were evaluated separately for each study. Additionally, given

the small size of the immunogenicity Rolziracetam cohorts in each study and the similarities in the design of the studies, a pooled analysis of all 3 studies was conducted to increase the statistical power to detect an effect. Only studies with at least 1 case of influenza illness were pooled. Statistical comparison tests were conducted at the significance level of 0.05 using Fisher’s exact test for the proportion of subjects with a ≥2-fold increase in titers and using the two-sample t-test for GMFRs and geometric means. In year 1, there were 183 (107 LAIV, 76 placebo), 101 (64 LAIV, 37 placebo), and 333 (226 LAIV, 107 placebo) subjects in studies 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with IgA data available for analysis. In year 2, there were 175 (94 LAIV, 81 placebo), 41 (24 LAIV, 17 placebo), and 791 (528 LAIV, 263 placebo) subjects in studies 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In each study, LAIV and placebo recipients were well-matched in regards to age and sex.

03 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, C10H), 7.64–7.44 (m, 4H, Ar-Hs), 7.40–7.21 (m, 3H, Ar-Hs), 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 7.3 Hz, Ar-H), 4.29 (t, 1H, J = 7.1 Hz, C3H), 4.05 (d, 1H, J = 4.4 Hz, C4H), 4.0 (d, 1H, J = 11.2 Hz, C11b-H), 3.62–3.0 (m, 2H, C3-H & C4-H), 2.85 (s, 3H, N-CH3), 2.83–2.69 (m, 1H, C3a-H); 13C NMR δC (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 175.32 (C O), 157.77 (C5a), 152.21 (C6a), 141.89 (q), 131.78 (CH), 129.78 (CH), 127.59 (CH), 125.35 (CH), 125.02 (CH), 124.98 (CH), 121.85 (C10a), 117.99 (C7), 93.18 (C11a), 67.89 (C3), 61.55 (11b), 51.0 (C4), 43.44 (N CH3), 37.99 (C3a); m/z (ESI) 468.1 (M+ + Na). Creamy solid (90%), mp 234–238 °C; C26H21ClN2O3; IR (KBr) 2360.0 (s), 1627, 1612.31 Imatinib (s), 1588.80 (m), 1470.23 (w), 1434.56 (m), 1312.12 (w), 1270.02

(w), 1219.45 (m) cm−1; 1H NMR δH (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 8.12 (d, 1H, J = 2.6, C10-H), 7.44–7.37 (m, 7H, Ar-Hs), 7.33–7.26 (m, 5H, Ar-Hs), 7.07 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 4.77 (d, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz, C3H), 4.37 (d, 1H, J = 5.6 Hz, C11b-H), 4.27 (d, 1H, J = 11.6 Hz, C4H), 3.87–3.78 (m, 1H, C4H), 3.08 (s, 3H, NCH3), 2.71–2.58 (m, 1H, C3aH); 13C NMR δC (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 174.21 (C O), 159.32 (C5a), 151.24 (C6a), 141.39 (q), 140.39 (q), 130.79 (CH), 129.58 (CH), 128.37 (CH), 128.34 (CH), 127.57 (CH), 126.56 (CH), 125.94 (CH), 125.47 (CH), 124.07 (CH), 124.04 (C10a), 118.28 (C7), 92.79 (C11a), 82.55 (C3), 60.82 (C11b), 51.71 (C4), 46.31 (NCH3), 44.94

(C3a); m/z (ESI) 467.1 (M+ + Na). All authors have none to declare. “
“La profession médicale se féminise. Les femmes médecins généralistes RAD001 déclarent une moins bonne qualité de vie que les femmes de même condition sociale, surtout pour la qualité de vie relationnelle. “
“Fertility is an issue of global and national public issues concerning the rapid growth of the country. The total world population of this century, the rate of increase of the population was about 10 million per year. Now it is increasing at a much faster rate of 100 million per year. If the rate of increase remains continuous at the same pace, it is expected Ergoloid to reach 7 billion by the end of the present century. The rapid increase of population has got an adverse effect on the international economy and as the increase is

only limited to the developing countries, the problem becomes an acute on the fruits of improvement in the different sectors, which are being eroded by the growing population. India within, few years of time span will be the leading country as far as the population growth is concerned. Since the population is rising tremendously, this may affect drastically the economic growth of India. Family planning has been promoted through several methods of contraception, but due to the side effects inhibitors produced by the use of steroidal contraceptive1 and use of abortifacient drugs. There is a need of drug which is effective with lesser side effects. Fertility control is an issue of global and national public health concern.

The BKM120 cost Rasch model is a probabilistic model that confers confidence that scores obtained using the instrument are a valid measure of a subject’s ability. The DEMMI was developed based on the Rasch model in an older acute medical Modulators population ( de Morton et al 2008b) and if the data fit the Rasch model in this study, this also provides confidence that the DEMMI is indeed measuring one construct (ie, that it is a unidimensional measure of mobility) in a population of patients on the Transition Care Program and can be applied to obtain interval level measurement. Fit to the model is indicated by an overall item-trait

interaction chi-squared value of greater than 0.05, indicating no significant deviation of the data from the selleck kinase inhibitor Rasch model, and a finding of 5% or less using the t-test procedure is recommended (Tennant and Pallant, 2006). Item misfit is considered to have occurred if fit residuals of greater than ±2.5 or a significant Bonferroni adjusted p value are identified. Differential item functioning occurs when an item

performs differently based on another variable (eg, age or gender). In this study differential item functioning for the DEMMI items was investigated for age (< 80 years, 80–84 years and 85+ years), gender, Charlson comorbidity score (0, 1, or > 2), and whether a physiotherapist or allied health assistant administered the DEMMI. DEMMI data were Rasch analysed at admission to and discharge from the Transition Care Program. Of the 14 health services invited to participate, 11 health services participated in this study. Three health services declined due to understaffing. Of the included health services, the mean number of Transition Care Program beds was 40 (SD 24), ranging from 10 (in a rural setting) to 94 (in a metropolitan setting). A total of 696 participants were included in this study. Table 1 shows the baseline demographics Adenylyl cyclase of included participants. Modified Barthel Index and DEMMI assessments were conducted at admission and discharge to the Transition Care Program; the scores

are presented in Figure 1a and Figure 1b and Figure 2a and Figure 2b. Allied Health Assistants conducted assessments on 1% and 17% of occasions at admission and discharge, respectively. At admission, 678 participants (97%) were assessed with the DEMMI and 669 participants (96%) were assessed with the Modified Barthel Index. At discharge, 502 participants (72%) were assessed with the DEMMI and 594 participants (85%) were assessed with the Modified Barthel Index. Neither instrument had a floor or ceiling effect. Validity: Similar evidence of validity was obtained for the DEMMI and Modified Barthel Index ( Table 2). A significant moderate correlation was identified between DEMMI and Modified Barthel Index scores and provides evidence of convergent validity for both instruments ( Table 2, Figure 3).

They were also contacted weekly by field workers to check on the health status of the child. Any child with a history of blood in stools (any quantity including streaking), or continuous vomiting ( > = 3 episodes in an hour) or any abdominal distension or abdominal lump was considered a case of suspected intussusception and was reviewed by a pediatrician

Selleckchem MK8776 in the study team or at the CMC hospital. The criteria for screening were agreed on by an expert group of pediatricians prior to development of the clinical trial protocol and were designed to be broad and sensitive, such that risk was minimized by ensuring that study investigators intensively followed up and arranged appropriate management for each child suspected to have intussusception. A screening ultrasonagram was performed by a trained sonologist on participants who had symptoms or signs confirmed on review by the study pediatrician. Those identified to have an intussusception, including transient intussusception, were reviewed by a pediatric surgeon and managed according to standard treatment algorithms and classified according to the Brighton criteria [16] by an off-site adjudication committee. Clinical data from hospital records of trial participants was abstracted by a pediatric surgeon and compared to data maintained at the clinical trial site by a second investigator. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Stata 11 (StataCorp, 2009).

selleck products The incidence rate of symptomatic intussusception and those that were Brighton level 1 were calculated from the event rate in this cohort. Incidence rates and 95% CI were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. Apart from the 16 intussusceptions identified in the vaccine

trial and described separately below, 61 children under two years of age had a diagnosis of intussusception made at CMC between January 2010 and August 2013. Thirty-one (50.8%) were referred all from another hospital while 30 (49.2%) presented directly at CMC. The median time from onset of symptoms to arrival at the hospital was 48 h (range 6–240 h). The median age at presentation was 214 days (IQR 153–321) with 52 events (85.3%) occurring in the first year of life. As shown in Fig. 1, the age distribution was unimodal with a peak between 4 and 6 months of age. Males (42, 65.8%) were twice as likely to Libraries present with intussusception as females in this setting. In all 61 intussusceptions evidence of intestinal invagination was present on ultrasonogram. The admission notes of two children were not traced in the records. The presenting symptoms for 59 of the 61 patients whose records were complete is presented in Table 1. Evidence of intestinal obstruction was noted in 27 cases (45.8%). Evidence of intestinal vascular compromise assessed by the passage of blood in stools or red currant jelly stools was present in 55 patients (93.2%). Based on the Brighton Collaboration Intussusception Working Group criteria [16], 59 (96.

More recently, however, this view has been replaced by the idea that peripheral clocks are cell autonomous Everolimus in the fly. Coordinated timing between individual oscillators is thought to occur via light- and temperature-sensitive intracellular molecular pathways that respond to ambient conditions ( Allada and Chung, 2010). Transplantation experiments using malpighian tubules, the renal organ of the fly, best demonstrate the cell-autonomous, self-sustaining

nature of peripheral clock cells in Drosophila. It was shown that the molecular rhythm of transplanted malpighian tubules maintains phase coherence with the donor fly after being transferred to a host entrained to a reverse light/dark cycle ( Giebultowicz and Hege, 1997). Malpighian tubules express the blue-light circadian photoreceptor Cryptochrome (CRY) and can entrain directly to light in vitro ( Ivanchenko et al., 2001). Thus, peripheral clock cells in Drosophila sustain temporal coherence with each other and with behavioral rhythms by responding directly to the same entrainment cues that set the phase of the central pacemaker neurons in the brain. In this way, peripheral clocks maintain synchrony with external environmental cues independent of input from the central clock in the brain; the prothoracic gland is the only known exception ( Myers et al., 2003). However, whether the central clock exerts a phase influence on the timing mechanism

of peripheral oscillators has not been rigorously tested. Here, we propose that a neuropeptidergic pathway originating in the CNS regulates the peripheral oenocyte clock. We analyzed the contribution of the learn more PDF signaling crotamiton pathway to the temporal regulation of the oenocyte clock and its physiological output. We found that the PDF signaling pathway sets the phase of the oenocyte clock under free-running conditions, a consequence of the modulation of the period of the circadian cycle. Corresponding changes in the expression of the clock-controlled gene desat1, the production of male sex pheromones, and the temporal

pattern of mating suggest that the modulation of the oenocyte clock by PDF signaling is required for reproductive behavior. Direct stimulation of the oenocytes by PDF in vivo altered pheromone expression, indicating that PDF acts as a neuroendocrine signal with the ability to remotely regulate the circadian physiology of peripheral clock cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the CNS exerts an influence on peripheral clock function in Drosophila melanogaster and provide insight into how a distributed circadian timing system coordinates physiological and behavioral rhythms important for social behavior. To determine whether PDF signaling plays a role in the entrainment of the peripheral oenocyte clock, we examined temporal expression patterns of the core clock genes period (per), timeless (tim), and Clock (Clk)—three genes previously used to flag the temporal precision of the molecular clock mechanism ( Krupp et al., 2008).

Alternatively, rhythm could involve a measure specifically of periodic modulation patterns. Pitch and reverberation

may also implicate dedicated mechanisms. Pitch is largely conveyed by harmonically related frequencies, which are not made explicit by the pair-wise correlations across frequency found in our current model (see also Figure S5). Accounting for pitch is thus likely to require a measure of local harmonic structure (de Cheveigne, 2004). Reverberation Ibrutinib is also well understood from a physical generative standpoint, as linear filtering of a sound source by the environment (Gardner, 1998), and is used to judge source distance (Zahorik, 2002) and environment properties. However, a listener has access only to the result of environmental filtering, not to the source or the filter, implying that reverberation must be reflected in something measured from the sound signal (i.e., a statistic). Our synthesis method provides

an unexplored avenue for testing theories of the perception of these sound properties. One other class of failures involved mixtures of two sounds that overlap in peripheral channels but are acoustically distinct, such as broadband clicks and slow bandpass modulations. These failures likely result because the model statistics are averages over time, and combine measurements that should be segregated. This suggests a more sophisticated form of estimating statistics, in which averaging is performed after (or in alternation with) some sort of clustering operation, a key ingredient in recent models of stream segregation (Elhilali and Shamma, 2008). Recognition is challenging because Obeticholic Acid mw Ergoloid the sensory input arising from different exemplars of a particular category

in the world often varies substantially. Perceptual systems must process their input to obtain representations that are invariant to the variation within categories, while maintaining selectivity between categories (DiCarlo and Cox, 2007). Our texture model incorporates an explicit form of invariance by representing all possible exemplars of a given texture (Figure S2) with a single set of statistic values. Moreover, different textures produce different statistics, providing an implicit form of selectivity. However, our model captures texture properties with a large number of simple statistics that are partially redundant. Humans, in contrast, categorize sounds into semantic classes, and seem to have conscious access to a fairly small set of perceptual dimensions. It should be possible to learn such lower-dimensional representations of categories from our sound statistics, combining the full set of statistics into a small number of “metastatistics” that relate to perceptual dimensions. We have found, for instance, that most of the variance in statistics over our collection of sounds can be captured with a moderate number of their principal components, indicating that dimensionality reduction is feasible.

The outward postsynaptic currents could be blocked by SR95531 (50 μM, n = 8, Figure 1C) but not by CNQX (40 μM, n = 44, Figure 1E) or a combination of HEX (200 μM) and CNQX (40 μM, n = 4, Figure 1D). These results demonstrated, at a synaptic level, that SACs released both ACh and GABA onto DSGCs, and that both of these transmitters mediated fast synaptic transmission. Notably, the maximum amplitude of the nicotinic current in a DSGC (typically evoked by presynaptic depolarization of a SAC from −70 mV to

−10 mV or above, Figure 1B) showed no statistically significant difference, regardless of whether the presynaptic SAC was located on the preferred (n = 22), null (n = 20), or intermediate (n = Depsipeptide supplier 4) side of the DSGC (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]: 183 ± 19, 138 ± 20, and 135 ± 12 pA, respectively; p = 0.22, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Figure 1F). Proteasome inhibitor In contrast, the maximum GABA response amplitude in DSGCs (evoked typically by presynaptic depolarization from −70 mV to about −10 mV or above) was significantly smaller for preferred side (34 ± 9 pA, n = 22, Figure 1F) than for null side (321 ± 28 pA, n = 20, p < 0.01),

and intermediate side (228 ± 35 pA, n = 5, p = 0.01) SAC stimulation, though no statistical difference was resolved between the null and intermediate directions (p = 0.14) (one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test). To rule out the possibility that extrasynaptic spill-over of a large amount of

released ACh might lead to similar cholinergic response amplitudes from preferred and null directions, we also compared postsynaptic responses Oxalosuccinic acid to a low-level ACh release (evoked by depolarizing the presynaptic SAC to just above the threshold for ACh release). We define first-detectable response as the first postsynaptic response generated by a series of presynaptic depolarizing steps (in 10 mV amplitude increments). The first-detectable nicotinic response (typically evoked by a depolarizing step from −70 to −30 mV), which was much smaller than the maximum response, also showed no statistically significant difference in amplitude among the preferred (n = 22), null (n = 20), and intermediate (n = 4) directions (mean ± SEM: 49 ± 6, 50 ± 9, and 41 ± 2 pA, respectively; p = 0.86, one-way ANOVA, Figure 1H). However, the first-detectable GABA responses were again significantly smaller from the preferred (16 ± 4, n = 22) direction than from the null (271 ± 27, n = 20, p < 0.01) and intermediate (189 ± 42 pA, p < 0.05, Figure 1I) directions (one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test).

Neuromodulators were discovered through their abilities to regulate physiological http://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html responses in organ or tissue preparations (Langley and Magnus, 1905). This search gained another dimension when peptides were found to belong to this class of transmitters. Then lipid mediators and other small molecules

were found to act as neuromodulators. In parallel, neuromodulator receptors were being defined by pharmacological means. Synthetic ligands were being developed and used to differentiate these receptor identities. A few receptors were even purified and their sequences determined. This culminated with the discovery that the β2-adrenergic receptor and the opsins share a seven transmembrane domains topology (7TMs) and some sequence similarities (Dixon et al., 1986). Since the sole link between these two receptors is the fact that they induce G protein-mediated cellular responses, this discovery suggested that GPCRs may belong to a supergene family. This suggestion was reinforced with the cloning of the first neuropeptide receptor (substance K receptor; Masu et al., 1987) and opened the door to the search for GPCRs by homology screening approaches such as low-stringency hybridization and degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Bunzow et al., 1988; Libert et al., 1989). The receptors cloned via these strategies are by definition unmatched to natural ligands. They are “orphan” receptors.

But at that time, some 50 neuromodulators were known to exist but had no cognate cloned receptors. The cloning of the orphan GPCRs offered a solution to this problem. Everolimus nmr The approach was to express orphan GPCRs in cells in culture and to use these heterologous GPCRs as targets for matching to possible neuromodulators. Insights in the orphan GPCR tissue expression profile as well as random testing proved to be successful

in matching the first orphan GPCRs to known neuromodulators. The first deorphanized GPCRs, the 5HT-1A, and the D2 dopamine receptors were reported in 1988 (Bunzow et al., 1988; Fargin et al., 1988). This strategy was rapidly espoused worldwide and is now known as reverse pharmacology (Libert et al., 1991; Mills and Duggan, 1994). During the first part of the 90’s, application of the reverse pharmacology strategy led to the molecular for identification of many GPCRs (Civelli et al., 2006). These DNA sequences allowed for the determination of their definitive pharmacological profiles as well as for in-depth analyses of their sites of expression. In turn, these receptors DNA probes led to the discovery of sequentially related GPCRs and the blossoming of the GPCR subfamilies. Most often, the cloning of the GPCR genes have greatly extended the diversity of the subfamilies (Civelli et al., 2006). These discoveries have had lasting impact in the fields of pharmacological and pharmaceutical research. Concomitantly, the overall number of orphan GPCRs was steadily increasing due to the mining of the database of expressed sequence tagged cDNAs (Marchese et al.

In this experiment, 4 ticks at Day 2 and 6 ticks at Day 16 were recovered from one control dog. It is below the 20% of attachment rate proposed by Marchiondo et al. (2013). Nevertheless the geometric mean count values ranged from 13.9 to 23.7 which were above the 20% attachment

rate. The geometric mean counts were used to calculate the percent efficacy, which is therefore valid based on the guidelines ( Marchiondo et al., 2013). A single oral treatment with the chewable formulation of afoxolaner achieved 100% curative efficacy for treating preexistent infestation of H. longicornis. It also controlled re-infestation by eliminating >90% of the ticks within the first 48 h after infestation for 4 weeks after treatment. The Day 30 efficacy

of afoxolaner seems lower than what has been observed for other tick species mTOR inhibitor ( Kunkle et al., 2014 and Mitchell et al., 2014). This may be related to a lower attachment rate in the control dogs, but also the variability of each experiment. There are some reports on the efficacy of current veterinary topical products against H. longicornis, e.g. imidacloprid/permethrin, fipronil/(S)-methoprene ( Hagimori et al., 2005). However, unlike these topical combinations, ticks are exposed to afoxolaner while feeding on the host’s blood. Afoxolaner is absorbed rapidly by the intestinal mucosa, and its plasma concentration peaks within 2–4 h after administration ( Letendre et al., 2014), which ultimately results in rapid uptake of the active ingredient by the ticks and a tick efficacy assessed at 48 h is similar to that of imidacloprid/permethrin or fipronil/(S)-methoprene selleck chemicals llc combinations ( Hagimori et al., 2005). The systemic distribution offers advantages compared to topical formulations. There is no period after treatment-administration during which the application site should be avoided by the owners and wetting of the haircoat or any other topical treatment does not interfere with the product efficacy. Another product for

oral administration containing spinosad includes a registered claim for H. longicornis tick curative treatment in Japan (Comfortis 1); however, this product is not registered for use against ticks elsewhere ( Beugnet and Franc, 2012 and Snyder et al., 2009). Snyder et al. (2009) reported a limited, short-lasting nearly efficacy of 50 mg/kg spinosad against new tick infestations on dogs with 67.8% efficacy at Day 9, 49.1% at Day 14, dropping to 5% at Day 30, against Rhipicephalus sanguineus by counting ticks 48 h after infestations. In this study, afoxolaner provided both curative and prophylactic efficacy for up to 30 days against H. longicornis. Nexgard® chewable formulation containing afoxolaner represents the first oral ectoparasiticide treatment providing a month-long efficacy against H. longicornis, the main Japanese tick species infesting dogs. The work reported herein was funded by Merial Limited, GA, USA. All authors are current employees of Merial.