7–1.0 million child deaths every year worldwide. Over 90 serotypes of pneumococcus exist, and

most disease caused by a limited number of serotypes show regional differences in serotype distribution. Ten- and 13-valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are widely used in Europe, the US and Australia, and protection is related to IgG, assessed by ELISA. Two vaccine manufacturers are unlikely to meet global demand. Thus serological criteria are essential for the evaluation of new formulations and new serotypes, and head-to-head comparison with licensed product is the preferred method of efficacy evaluation. Recommendations for pneumococcal conjugated vaccines were revised in 2009 [5] and the 1st. International Standard for Human Pneumococcal Serum was established [6] and is available [7] for strengthening the capability and the breadth of expertise in vaccines and to facilitate development of new vaccines and diagnostics. Obeticholic Acid V. Halkjaer-Knudsen, from Sandia National Laboratories for biorisk management, provided an overview of vaccine GMP production and containment programs for eradicating, emerging, carcinogenic, genetically modified organisms MDV3100 in vitro and other risks related to the biotechnology and vaccine industry. While GMP aims to protect end-users from an unsafe agent, biosafety aims to protect the environment from harmful agents, and biosecurity,

to protect bio agents from harmful uses. Vaccine production facilities should thus identify the chain of potential infectivity, from storage of pathogens, buildings and equipment procedures, to administrative controls and decontamination, ensuring that risks are controlled through surveillance and quarantine, as needed. Regulatory best practices, codes and standards, such as ISO guidance are widely available to manage risk related processes [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] and [15]. An international biorisk management document (CWA 15793:2011) [16], used by the WHO Smallpox Lab inspection program, and the

WHO GAP III draft [17] lay out a risk based strategic approach for mitigation measures and controls for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. New tailored facilities evolved to single-use bioreactors widely implemented, that matured to a range of single use products for cell cultivation, upstream and downstream Calpain processes, resulting in cost-effective flexible and scalable production suites, requiring almost no-cleaning validation, for easy switch of products, projects, and low cost start up process, increasing the complexity of regulatory oversight on equipment, disposable, and leachables. She recommended that manufacturers study the guidelines, reflect on risk analysis, and decide on solutions to be discussed with health authorities. A satellite symposium on new technologies for vaccine development and supply was hosted by Merck Millipore. M. Payne and S.Y.

, 1995). CORT levels are naturally low immediately following cohousing with a male, and partner preferences

check details are formed before they return to baseline (DeVries et al., 1995). In rats, stress also impacts opposite-sex social behavior. In particular, stress has been shown to inhibit mating behavior in males and in naturally cycling females, via elevation of the inhibitory hypothalamic hormone RF-amide related peptide 1 (Kirby et al., 2009 and Geraghty et al., 2013). Same-sex interactions have not been as well explored in prairie voles as opposite-sex affiliative interactions have been, although some data suggest same-sex affiliative behavior in prairie voles may be enhanced following a stressor (DeVries and Carter, unpublished data referenced in Carter, 1998). Same-sex affiliative behavior can be studied more broadly in rodent species that live in groups, so additional rodent species may be informative for this question. Meadow voles are conditionally selleck social

rodents, with photoperiod-mediated seasonal variation in social huddling. While females are aggressive and territorial in summer months, they live in social groups and huddle with conspecifics in winter months or short day lengths in the laboratory (Madison et al., 1984, Madison and McShea, 1987, Beery et al., 2008b and Beery et al., 2009). Seasonal variations in huddling and partner preference formation allow for the study of the endocrine and neurobiological either mechanisms underlying changes in social tolerance and peer affiliation outside the context of mate-pairing. In meadow voles, CORT varies seasonally (Boonstra and Boag, 1992, Galea and McEwen, 1999 and Pyter et al., 2005) and may relate

to changes in social tolerance. CRF/urocortin pathways may also link stress-reactivity and social behavior in this species, as CRF1 and CRF2 receptor densities change with day length and are associated with huddling behavior (Beery et al., 2014). Stress exposure prior to pairing impairs preference formation for a same-sex individual in female of this species (Anacker et al., 2014). Ongoing studies are examining the role of CORT and stressor timing. In addition, familiarity of the conspecific prior to the stressor may influence whether social behavior is increased or decreased. Wild rats live in gregarious colonies, where social interactions may be beneficial for predator avoidance and under other stressful conditions (Macdonald et al., 1999). In male rats, social defeat stress leads to social avoidance – less time spent in social contact with an unfamiliar non-aggressive rat (Meerlo et al., 1996) and avoidance of the dominant rat (Lukas et al., 2011).

Seroresponse was defined as subjects showing a three-fold/four fold or more rise in serum IgA anti-rotavirus antibody titres, from baseline, as evaluated 28 days after third dose of the of BRV-TV/Rotateq. The per-protocol (PP) analysis set for study included all subjects who had no protocol deviations. Subjects were excluded from the PP analysis set for the following reasons: subject did not meet all protocol-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria, subject did not receive the vaccine, subject received a vaccine other than the

one that he/she was randomized to receive, any blood sample before or 28 (±3) days after administration of BRV-TV/RotaTeq/Placebo not obtained, subject did not provide a post-dose serology sample in the proper time window. Descriptive statistics such as number (n), mean, median, standard deviation Trichostatin A manufacturer and range (minimum, maximum) were used for summarizing the

continuous variables. Frequencies and relative frequencies were computed for categorical data. Concentrations of antibodies were log transformed and Geometric Mean Antibody Concentrations (GMCs) were compared. The proportions of participants who sero-responded were compared buy BMS-354825 using Fisher’s Exact test. Occurrence rates of adverse reactions were compared using Fisher’s exact tests. Confidence intervals (CIs) for the single proportion were calculated using the exact binomial method (Clopper–Pearson method). The entire study data in the Clinical Data Management Database was analysed by Zifo Technologies, Chennai, India with the SAS software, Version 9.2 or

higher (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA). All 20 adult subjects were aged between 30 and 48 years with an average age of approximately 41.8 years. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to demography and baseline characteristics. All subjects completed the 10 days post dose safety follow up and no AEs/SAEs were reported from vaccine or placebo groups. A safety report from this Cohort was submitted to the DCGI and the DSMB. After getting clearance from both bodies, recruitment in the infant cohort was started. A total of 113 subjects were screened and of them 100 (20 each in BRV-TV 105.0 FFU, BRV-TV 105.8 FFU, Levetiracetam BRV-TV 106.4 FFU, RotaTeq and placebo group) were randomized. Of 100 randomized and treated subjects, seven (7.0%) did not complete the study. Five were lost to follow up and two (2) were due to consent withdrawal. During the entire study period, major protocol deviations occurred for three subjects (one each from BRV-TV 105.0 FFU, BRV-TV 106.4 FFU and Placebo) resulting in their removal from the per protocol analysis. These were enrolment deviations, where subjects were recruited out of the protocol window (6–8 weeks). A total of 19 (95.0%) subjects in the BRV-TV 105.0 FFU group, 17 (85%) subjects in the BRV-TV 105.8 FFU group, 19 (95.0%) subjects in the BRV-TV 106.4 FFU group, 19 (95.0%) subjects in the RotaTeq group and 19 (95.

Some of suspension was freeze-dried at −40 °C for

48 h (Christ, Alpha 2-4 LD, Germany). In nanoprecipitation method, PLGA and different amount GSK1120212 concentration of carvone or anethole were dissolved in a suitable organic solvent to form the diffusing phase (Table 1). This phase was then injected to some of water as a non-solvent through a syringe equipped with a 20-G angiocatheter positioned with the needle directly in the medium under gentle mixing. The freshly formed nanoparticles were then centrifuged and washed with deionized water. Particle size and size distribution of the nanoparticles after suspending 5 mg of the nanoparticles in 20 mL of deionized water were investigated by laser light scattering (Malvern Zetasizer ZS, Malvern, UK). Morphological characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S-4160, Hitachi, Japan). The amount of carvone entrapped in the nanoparticles was determined by HPLC analysis.5 and 9 Nanoparticles (10 mg) were dissolved in 5 mL acetonitrile, and 10 mL of methanol was subsequently added to precipitate the polymer. The samples were passed through a 0.22 μm millipore membrane and Hydroxychloroquine mouse the amount of drug was determined. For determining indirectly the encapsulation efficiency injects 60 μL supernatant of first time centrifuging.

HPLC analysis was performed using a Knauer apparatus model K-1001, WellChrom (Berlin, Germany), equipped with PDA K-2700 UV detector (Knauer, Germany). The column was Nucleodur® C18 (25 × 0.46 cm, 5 μm; Macherey–Nagel, Düren, Germany). The mobile phase consisted of methanol/water (65:35 v/v). The flow rate was fixed at 1.3 mL/min and UV detection was performed at 220 nm. The amount of anethole entrapment was determined by UV analysis (Scinco S-3100,

Korea) at 284 nm. Nanoparticles (10 mg) were dissolved in 10 mL acetonitrile, and 20 mL of methanol was then added to precipitate the polymer. The samples were detected by UV monitoring. For determining indirectly the encapsulation efficiency, 1 mL supernatant of first time centrifuging were mixed with 50 mL CYTH4 acetonitrile and then analyzed. The amount of drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were calculated using the following equations: Drugloading(%)=(drugweightinsampletotalweightofsample)×100% Encapsulationefficiency=(actualdrugloadingtheoreticaldrugloading)×100% Drug release from the nanoparticles was successfully studied using a dialysis technique. Three mg of nanoparticles were placed in a dialysis bag. The dialysis bag was soaked in 40 mL of phosphate buffer saline solution (pH 7.4) and maintained at 37 °C and 100 rpm shaking in a shaker (Heidolph Unimax 1010, Germany). At predetermined time intervals, individual samples were taken and the whole of the medium was replaced with 40 mL of fresh phosphate buffer saline solution. The amount of drug release was quantified by HPLC or UV.

Thus, we evaluated whether unadjuvanted single immunisations with low doses of our VLP-vaccine containing baculovirus were effective in eliciting protective immune responses in an in vivo mouse experiment using a stringent 100 mLD50 BAY 73-4506 clinical trial challenge dose. We assessed protection conferred by three different concentrations of SH1-VLPs (3 μg, 0.3 μg and 0.03 μg in terms of HA content, administered intramuscularly). We also compared groups that received

a single vaccine dose with a group that received two immunisations on days 0 and 14 (0.3 μg in terms of HA content). To explore whether a prime-only strategy could protect against a heterologous strain as well, we included a VLP formulation that contained HA of AH1, a divergent H7N9 isolate. [4]. Mice that received two immunisations with 0.3 μg SH1, expectedly showed a 100% survival rate and little weight loss ( Fig. see more 1A and C). Similarly,

no weight loss was observed for the SH1-3 μg prime-only group. Mice in the prime-only vaccination groups that received lower vaccine doses (0.3 μg and 0.03 μg) showed more weight loss (7% and 10%, respectively) than mice in the high dose or prime-boost groups (both 3%), but the mice were completely protected from mortality and regained weight after day 5 post challenge ( Fig. 1A and C). Mice vaccinated with AH1-VLPs lost slightly more weight than mice that received the same dose of SH1-VLPs (0.3 μg of HA) but were fully protected

from mortality ( Fig. 1A and C). Animals that received an M1-only preparation containing similar amounts of baculovirus as the SH1- and AH1-VLP preparation showed no enhanced protection as compared to naïve mice ( Fig. 1A and C). This proves that neither M1 or the baculovirus or a combination of both was able to induce significant protective immune responses in our challenge model. Since previous studies highlight the mafosfamide critical role of CD8+ T-cells in protective immunity to influenza infection [26] and [27], we assessed whether a single low vaccine dose could also induce full protection in CD8+ T-cell-depleted mice. Minimal weight loss for CD8+-depleted, SH1-0.3 μg-vaccinated mice after challenge and a 100% survival rate ( Fig. 1B and D) suggested that the humoral response was sufficient to robustly protect these animals. As previous studies reported a remarkable cross-reactivity of H7 antibodies [13] and [28], we tested sero-reactivity to a panel of divergent recombinant H7 proteins and a representative HA from each influenza subtype (H3, H4, H10, H14 and H15 – in addition to H7) that cluster into phylogenetic group 2 (Fig. 2A). An H1 HA (group 1) was added as a negative control antigen. Strong sero-reactivity was detected against the HA of the vaccine strains SH1 and AH1.

In the hippocampus of the control APP-tg mice, there were many Iba-1+

and CD11b− microglia cells surrounding the senile plaques (Fig. 4a), while nasally vaccinated mice with rSeV-Aβ showed the uniform distribution of Iba-1+ CD11b+ microglia (Fig. 4b). GFAP positive cells were less frequent in mice nasally vaccinated with rSeV-Aβ. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was shrunken and disrupted in control mice with rSeV-LacZ. The nasally vaccinated mice with rSeV-Aβ showed the amelioration of abnormal change in synaptic densities and distribution patterns (Fig. 4c and d). We examined the changes of body weight in Tg2576 mice treated with SeV-Aβ nasally at the age of 12 months. The body weight measured at the age of 15 months was 28.2 ± 1.4 g for rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated non-tg mice, 26.3 ± 1.1 g for rSeV-Aβ-vaccinated non-tg mice, 23.8 ± 0.9 g for rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated Tg2576 see more mice, and 22.6 ± 0.7 g for rSeV-Aβ-vaccinated Tg2576 mice. Results with the two-way ANOVA were significantly different in genotype (F(1,38) = 17.08, p < 0.01) but not vaccination (F(1,38) = 2.24, p = 0.14)

nor interaction of genotype with vaccination (F(1,38) = 0.10, p = 0.74). During the training session, there were no significant differences in exploratory preference between the two objects and total exploratory time among the groups (data not shown), suggesting that all groups of mice have the same levels of motivation, curiosity, and interest in exploring INCB024360 purchase novel objects. For the retention session at age 12 months, the level of exploratory preference for the novel object in Tg2576 mice was significantly Bumetanide decreased compared to that in non-tg mice (supplemental Fig. 1). At age 15 months, the rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated Tg2576 mice also showed a significant reduction in the exploratory preference for the novel

object compared with rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated non-tg mice, however rSeV-Aβ vaccination improved the impairment of recognition memory in Tg2576 mice significantly (supplemental Fig. 1). There was no significant difference in the number of arm entries among the groups (data not shown), suggesting that all mice have the same levels of motivation, curiosity, and motor function. At age 12 months, Tg2576 mice showed significantly reduced spontaneous alternation behavior in a Y-maze test compared with non-tg mice (Fig. 5a). At age 15 months, the rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated Tg2576 mice also showed a significant reduction in spontaneous alternation behavior compared with rSeV-LacZ-vaccinated non-tg mice, however rSeV-Aβ vaccination improved alternation behavior in Tg2576 mice significantly (Fig. 5b). In the preconditioning phase, the mice hardly showed any freezing response. There were no differences in basal levels of freezing response between the groups (data not shown).

A linear equation describing this relationship was established: equation(3) M=1.0322V+24.898since the target dose D (mg) is calculated as: equation(4) D=M.S/100D=M.S/100where M is the mass of the tablet and S is the percentage of loading filament. Therefore, the required dimension (L) to achieve a target dose (D) from filament with loading percentage (S) can be calculated as: equation(5) L=25100DS-24.8981.0322π3 A series of tablets were printed according to Eq. (5) to achieve a target dose of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5 or 10 mg. Table 1 illustrated the details of dimensions, expected and measured mass of these tablets. A MakerBot Replicator® 2X Experimental 3D Printer (MakerBot

Industries, New York, USA) was utilized to print blank PVA tablets. Blank tablets (PVA only) NLG919 chemical structure were printed using default settings of the software for PLA filament as follows: type of printer: Replicator 2X; type of filament: PLA; resolution: www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html standard; temperature of nozzle: 230 °C; temperature of building plate: 20 °C; speed of extruder 90 mm/s while extruding and 150 mm/s while traveling; infill: 100%; height of the layer: 200 μm. No supports or rafts were utilized in the printed model. In order to be able to print prednisolone loaded PVA tablets, the following modifications were implemented: (i) Kapton tape layer (default) provided poor adhesion of the designs to the built plate. Blue

Scotch painter’s tape was applied to the surface of the printing board to improve adhesion to the surface layer. In order to assess prednisolone content in drug loaded filaments and the printed tablets, each tablet (or 100 mg of filament) was accurately weighed and transferred to a 500 ml volumetric flask. Tablets were incubated for 1 h in 150 ml of distilled water under sonication followed by completing the volume with methanol to 500 ml, and subsequent sonication for an additional 4 h at 50 °C. After cooling to room temperature, samples were filtered through a 0.22 μm Millex-GP syringe filter (Merck Millipore, USA) and prepared

Rolziracetam for HPLC analysis. Prednisolone concentration was determined through HPLC analysis method using an Agilent HPLC 1260 series (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Germany) equipped with Kinetex C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, particle size 2.6 μm) (Phenomenex, Torrance, USA). The mobile phase (water: acetonitrile) was used in gradient concentrations: (60:40 at time 0, 40:60 at time 8–12 min and 60:40 at time 12.01–14 min) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The injection volume was set at 40 μl and the UV detector employed an absorbance wavelength of 250 nm. Temperature of the column was maintained at 45 °C and stop time for each sample was 14 min. The surface morphology of the PVA filament, extruded filament from the nozzle of the 3D printer as well as the printed tablet was assessed using a Quanta-200 SEM microscope at 20 kV.

The MIC and MBC/MFC values were used to compare the antimicrobial activity of extracts. The selection of active extracts for this assay was made based on the size of inhibition zones (higher find more than 11 mm) formed in the agar well diffusion method. The results of MIC, MBC and MFC values showed in Table 2 and Table 3. The data indicate that the extracts exhibited variable levels of antimicrobial activity against the investigated

microorganisms. The inhibitory property of the extracts was observed within a range of concentrations from 2 to 1024 μg/ml. The methanol extracts of C. coromandelicum showed a significant antibacterial activity with MIC of 64 μg/ml against S. typhi and antifungal activity with MIC of 128 μg/ml Nutlin-3a nmr A. niger, A. polytricha and C. albicans. The MBC value of S. typhi was found to be 128 μg/ml and MFC

of 256 μg/ml obtained for the A. niger, A. polytricha and C. albicans. Among the four plant extracts, the methanolic extracts of C. coromandelicum show the highest inhibition of HIV-RT inhibition 78.67% and gp120 binding inhibition 72.52% Table 4. In the present study, extract of C. coromandelicum was tested for antimicrobial activity against 16 microbial pathogens. Among them are included E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, Shigella spp, B. subtilis, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus spp. The fungal pathogens A. niger, A. polytricha, A. oligospora, C. albicans, C. raphigera and M. fruticola was chosen for this study. Among fungal strain C. albicans causes serious systemic infections, together with opportunistic infection in patients infected with HIV virus. Infectious diseases of microbial origin constitute the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. With the emergence of HIV, the negative

role of these microfloras has become even worse as they facilitate the infection rate until by the virus or by significantly reducing the onset time of AIDS. 14 Intensive use of antibiotics often resulted in the development of resistant strains. Nowadays, there are very few or none, if any, antibiotics to which these micro-organisms have not developed resistance. Plant extracts are potential sources of antimicrobial agents. Numerous studies demonstrated that the extracts of other plant species possessed activity with regard to antimicrobial properties. 15 The methanol extract of C. coromandelicum exerted a broad antimicrobial spectrum by inhibiting the growth of human pathogenic bacteria (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) and fungus. This is reflected by the presence zone of inhibition diameters observed in the inoculated plates and further confirmed with microdilution broth method. Among these bacteria, E. coli, Shigella spp and S. typhi can cause serious such as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases to the human beings. 16 However, C. coromandelicum extract was found to be active against the above Gram negative bacteria.

All adverse events (AEs) were coded according to the MedDRA adverse event dictionary (version 12.1) [27] and graded for severity using the FDA guidance document for the toxicity scale for healthy adult and adolescent volunteers enrolled in preventive vaccine clinical trials [28]. Screening samples were assessed using standard, non-validated HAI assays at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School. All further immunogenicity assessments on sera of recruited volunteers from baseline (Day 0), Day 21 and Day 42 were performed on blinded samples, under GLP conditions, using validated HAI Veliparib clinical trial assays at Southern Research

Institute (Birmingham, AL). In addition to A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) cross-reactive immunogenicity against A/Brisbane/10/10 (H1N1) and A/Georgia/01/13 (H1N1) was tested. All virus strains were purchased from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; Atlanta, GA). An unblinded research coordinator randomly assigned subjects 1:1 to the adjuvanted or the non-adjuvanted group.

A computer-generated list (SAS® software, NC, USA) with randomly permutated block sizes of 4 and 6 was provided by SCRI. A sample size of 32 subjects per arm www.selleckchem.com/products/azd6738.html was required to achieve the FDA criterion for seroconversion with a power of 80%, assuming an incidence of 65% [29]. To compensate for 20% drop-outs 40 subjects per arm were planned. The study was not powered to achieve the FDA criterion for seroprotection. The primary endpoint was seroconversion against A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) by HAI on Day 42, defined as either a pre-vaccination HAI titer <10 and a post vaccination HAI titer ≥40, or

a pre-vaccination HAI titer ≥10 and minimum four-fold rise in post-vaccination HAI titer. The co-secondary endpoint (with safety) was seroconversion on Day 21. In addition, geometric mean titers (GMT) and the percentage of subjects achieving seroprotection (HAI titer ≥40), much were calculated, the latter only for subjects with baseline HAI titers <40. Geometric mean titer fold rise (GMR) was calculated and GMT and GMR were compared between groups on log-transformed HAI titers using the two-sample t-test [30], [31] and [32]. The 95% CIs of GMT and GMR were constructed by exponential transformation of related 95% CIs based on the log-transformed HAI titer data. Values shown are for the modified Intention-to-treat (ITT) population, not including two subjects that withdrew consent prior to receiving the first dose. AEs and severe AEs were summarized by treatment group with each subject counted once per AE category with the highest severity of treatment emergent AE (Day 0-Day 42). Of 156 healthy volunteers consented and screened, 84 were randomized to the treatment groups and scheduled to receive adjuvanted (n = 43) or non-adjuvanted (n = 41) vaccine.

“
“Fibrous pseudotumors are exceedingly rare, benign fibroproliferative tumors, recognized first in 1904 by Balloch.1 These typically ovoid, nodular lesions originate in the connective tissue of the tunics, making up 6% of all benign paratesticular tumors.2

Most cases in the literature draw a distinction between nodular and diffuse thickening of the tunica. Including both forms, 75% of these tumors involve the tunica vaginalis but can also arise in the tunica albuginea, epididymis, and spermatic cord in rarer circumstances. Only rarely has it been described arising from the penis.3 The diffuse variant is termed fibromatous periorchitis and exhibits diffuse fibrosis of the tunics often encasing the testis reminiscent of malignancy.2 and 4 Other terms KU-55933 mw referring to these lesions includes chronic proliferative periorchitis, reactive periorchitis, fibromatous periorchitis, selleck products inflammatory pseudotumor, proliferative funniculitis, nodular and diffuse fibrous proliferation of

the tunica, fibroid growth of the cord, and fibromata of the cord. These terms partly reflect the variable and overlapping spectrum of pathologic findings and various etiologic theories. A 19-year-old male patient presented 7 hours after sexual intercourse in which his penis had made heavy contact with his partner’s perineum. He reported immediate pain, detumescence, swelling, and bruising. On presentation to the emergency department, the patient had bruising and swelling at the base of his penis with mild deviation. The clinical diagnosis of fractured penis was made, and the patient was taken for surgical repair. The patient had no significant medical history; however, he reported a lump at the base of his penis that had been present since the age of 12 years. No obvious trauma Oxalosuccinic acid occurred at that time, and the patient was unclear about the causation of this lump. Written informed consent was provided by the patient, with guarantees of confidentiality. He underwent immediate surgical intervention. A circumferential incision was made below the glans penis, and dissection commenced to deglove the penis to expose the suspected

penile fracture. During degloving, a mass of fibrous tissue approximately 20 × 3 mm was noted overlying a tear in the tunica albuginea (Fig. 1). Tethering of the lump to the tunica and overlying fascia made degloving particularly challenging. The lump was excised and sent for histopathology. The tear in the tunica was then identified and noted to be entirely separate to the excised lesion (Fig. 2). Subsequent surgical repair was undertaken with interrupted sutures. The specimen consisted of a firm tan piece of tissue measuring 32 × 14 × 8 mm. Sectioning revealed a diffusely fibrotic mass with no focal lesions. Microscopy revealed a well-circumscribed margin around a hypocellular mass containing interspersed spindle-shaped cells and scattered blood vessels within a dense collagenous stroma (Fig. 3).