The azoles interact with other medicines primarily by inhibiting biotransformation or by affecting drug distribution and elimination. The echinocandins have the lowest propensity to interact with other medicines. The clinical relevance of antifungal–drug interactions

varies substantially. While certain interactions are benign and result in little or no untoward clinical outcomes, others can produce significant toxicity or compromise efficacy if not properly managed through monitoring and dosage adjustment. However, certain interactions produce significant toxicity or compromise efficacy to ABT-888 datasheet such an extent that they cannot be managed and the particular combination of antifungal and interacting medicine should be avoided. With the continued expansion of the antifungal drug class, clinicians have a much wider variety of choices in the prevention or management of systemic fungal infections. This expansion has allowed clinicians to more clearly distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of using a particular agent in a given case. For example, existing polyenes (the amphotericin B formulations) are active against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens, but their toxicity Peptide 17 mouse may limit their use in certain patients. Moreover, existing polyenes are only available intravenously (i.v.), which often precludes their use in the primary care setting. Although the echinocandins

are generally devoid of significant drug interactions or toxicity, they are active against only Candida and Aspergillus species, which are significant opportunistic pathogens, but they are devoid of activity against other important but less common opportunistic pathogens (i.e. pathogens of Zygomycetes, Cryptococcus, etc.) and the primary pathogens associated with endemic mycoses (Histoplasma, Blastomycetes, etc.). In addition to this comparatively

very narrow spectrum of activity, like the polyene agents, they are only available as i.v. products. As a class, the systemically acting azoles are safe, have a broad spectrum of activity and can be administered i.v. or orally. However, most agents have variable and unpredictable pharmacokinetics, undergo significant metabolism and therefore may interact with many medicines. When considering antifungal Fossariinae therapy, clinicians often either possess susceptibility data or are well versed in the spectrum of activity of a specific antifungal agent. Similarly, they often are well aware of the potential toxicities of antifungal agents. However, the potential for antifungal agents to interact with other medications is vast and may be difficult for clinicians to recognise it consistently. Failure to recognise a drug–drug interaction involving an antifungal agent may produce deleterious consequences to the patient, including enhanced toxicity of the concomitant medications or ineffective treatment of the invasive fungal infection.