, 2004), VopT (Kodama et al., 2007), VopL (Liverman et al., 2007), and VopC (Kodama et al., 2007, 2008). The T3SS1-specific effectors include VepA (Akeda et al., 2009) (also known as VopQ) (Burdette et al., 2009) and VepB (Akeda et al., 2009) (also known as VopS) (Yarbrough et al., 2009). Only one T3SS-specific chaperone, VecA, has been identified, which is for the T3SS1 effector VepA (Akeda et al., 2009), but no chaperone Selleck Navitoclax for T3SS2 effectors has been identified. Therefore, the T3SS2-specific chaperone must be identified before undertaking experiments to examine the hypothesized effector specificity

of V. parahaemolyticus T3SSs. In this study, we screened possible T3SS2-specific chaperones and successfully identified VocC,

which is a T3SS2-specific chaperone for the T3SS2-specific effectors VopC and, presumably, VopT and VopL. The derivative strain POR-1 (ΔtdhAS) of the sequenced V. parahaemolyticus strain RIMD2210633 was used as the wild type in this study (Park et al., 2004). The T3SS1 (ΔvcrD1), T3SS2 (ΔvcrD2), VepA (ΔvepA), VopC (ΔvopC), VopP (ΔvopP), VopL (ΔvopL), and VopT (ΔvopT) knockout strains of V. parahaemolyticus have been reported previously (Park et al., 2004; Ono et al., 2006; Kodama et al., 2007; Kodama et al., 2008). All V. parahaemolyticus strains were grown in high-salt Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (1% Bacto tryptone, MI-503 clinical trial 0.5% yeast extract, and 3% NaCl) at 37 °C for routine culture. For the T3SS-inducing conditions, strains were grown in LB medium (1% Bacto tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.5% NaCl). The E. coli strains DH5α, SM10λpir, and BL21 (DE3) were used for the general manipulation of DNA, the mobilization of the suicide vector into V. parahaemolyticus, and protein purification, respectively. The E. coli strains were also grown in LB medium. When necessary, media were supplemented with the following antibiotics: ampicillin (100 μg mL−1), chloramphenicol (25 μg mL−1), kanamycin (50 μg mL−1), or tetracycline

(5 μg mL−1). Because V. parahaemolyticus is naturally resistant to ampicillin, the plasmid pGEX-6P-1-Cm (Cmr, Aps) was constructed through the insertion of a chloramphenicol selleck resistance gene (cat) from pACYC184 into the ampicillin resistance gene (bla) on pGEX-6P-1 (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences). The amino-terminal 1–200 amino acids of the T3SS2 effectors (VopC, VopL, VopP, and VopT) were fused to glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in pGEX-6P-1-Cm. These plasmids were then transformed into the strain in which the gene for the respective effector was deleted. After incubation under T3SS-inducing conditions, bacterial pellets were collected and lysed using lysis buffer (20 mM Tris HCl, 200 mM NaCl, 2 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 8.0) containing 10 mg mL−1 of lysozyme, 10 mg mL−1 of RNase, and 5 U of DNase I. Lysates were centrifuged at 20 000 g for 20 min.