We showed that MT was over-expressed in 87.9% of breast cancer tissues examined, with the mean percentage of positive cells at 30%. There were two patterns

of NIT expression: predominantly Selleckchem IWR-1-endo cytoplasmic in 75.9% and nuclear in 24.1 % of MT-positive cases. Higher NIT scores were associated with poorer histological grade (p = 0.009) but were independent of age, tumour size and oestrogen receptor status. For patients who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5 fluorouracil- or doxorubicin-based regimes), those with high NIT expression had a significantly lower recurrence-free survival (p = 0.048), suggesting a role of MT in predicting disease recurrence. Downregulation of MT in MCF-7 cells by silencing the MT-2A gene (the most abundantly expressed of the 10 known functional NIT isoforms) increased chemosensitivity of the cells to doxorubicin. To examine the mechanisms underlying these clinical data, we

used siRNAs to decrease MT-2A mRNA expression and protein expression. In NIT down-regulated cells challenged with the IC(50) concentration of doxorubicin, we observed a significant reduction in cell viability. Cell cycle analysis also revealed a corresponding increase in apoptosis in the NIT down-regulated cells following doxorubicin exposure, showing that down-regulation of NIT increased susceptibility to doxorubicin cytotoxicity. The data suggest that NIT could be a potential marker of chemoresistance and a molecular therapeutic target. Copyright (C) 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Monoamine NU7441 research buy oxidase-A (MAO-A), a key brain enzyme which metabolizes monoamines, is implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, including major depressive disorder, addiction, and violent behavior. Chronic

stressors and glucocorticoid-administration typically associate with elevated MAO-A levels/activity. However, the relationship of shorter stress or glucocorticoid exposures and MAO-A levels/activity is not well established. Our objectives are to assess effects of acute stress upon MAO-A V-T, an index of MAO-A density, in human AG-881 purchase brain and acute glucocorticoid exposure upon MAO-A levels in human neuronal and glial cell lines. Twelve healthy, non-smoking participants aged 18-50 underwent [C-11] harmine positron emission tomography to measure brain MAO-A VT on two different days: One under acute psychosocial stress (via Trier Social Stress and Montreal Imaging Stress Tasks) and one under a non-stress condition. MAO-A density (by Western blot) and activity (by [C-14]-5-HT metabolism and liquid scintillation spectroscopy) were measured in human neuronal and glial cell lines after 4 h exposure to dexamethasone. We observed a significant reduction in whole-brain MAO-A binding as reflected by reductions in 10 of 11 brain regions. Acute dexamethasone exposure in neuronal and glial cells significantly decreased MAO-Aactivity and protein levels.