These findings are consistent with the view that the hippocampus and PRC play contrasting roles in supporting recollection and familiarity and that these differences are not a result of differences in memory strength. Overall, the combined pupil dilation, eye movement and fMRI data suggest the operation of recognition mechanisms drawing differentially on familiarity and recollection, whose ‘neural bases are distinct within the MTL. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression in the immune system. In a few short years, their mechanism of action has been described in various cell lineages within the

immune system, targets have been defined and their unique contributions to immune cell function have been examined. Certain miRNAs serve in important negative feedback loops in the immune system, whereas others serve to amplify

Lonafarnib price the response of the immune system by repressing inhibitors of the response. Here, we review some of the better understood mechanisms as well as some emerging concepts of miRNA function. Future work will likely involve defining the function of specific miRNAs in specific immune cell lineages and to utilize them in the design of therapeutic strategies for diseases involving the immune system. Leukemia (2012) 26, 404-413; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.356; MLN0128 order click here published online 20 December 2011″
“The villin headpiece subdomain, HP36, is the smallest naturally occurring

protein that folds cooperatively. Its small size, rapid folding, and simple three-helix topology have made it an extremely popular system for computational studies of protein folding. The role of unfolded state structure in rapid folding is an area of active investigation, but relatively little is known about the properties of unfolded states under native conditions. A peptide fragment, HP21, which contains the first and second helices of HP36 has been shown to be a good model for structure in the unfolded state of the intact domain but a detailed description of the conformational propensities of HP21 is lacking and the balance between native and nonnative interactions is not known. A series of three-dimensional NMR experiments were performed on (13)C, (15)N-labeled HP21 to investigate in detail its conformational propensities. Analysis of (13)C(alpha), (13)C(beta), (13)CO chemical shifts, Delta delta(13)C(alpha) – Delta delta(13)C(beta) secondary shifts, the secondary structure propensity scores, NOEs, (15)N R(2) values and comparison of experimental chemical shifts with those of HP36 and with chemical shifts calculated using the SHIFTS and SHIFTX programs all indicate that there is significant native like structure in the HP21 ensemble, and thus by implication in the unfolded state of HP36.