There is one striking exception however, recombinase A. RecA, SGO_ 2045, is significantly down in SgFn but up in SgPg and SgPgFn compared to Sg alone (Table 12). RecA is important for both DNA recombination and DNA repair. An increase in RecA but a decrease in other DNA repair proteins might indicate increased homologous recombination Quisinostat chemical structure rather
than DNA repair. However, the proteins associated with bacterial competence that we detected showed many https://www.selleckchem.com/products/smoothened-agonist-sag-hcl.html significant reductions in all mixed pellets (Table 12). Table 11 Stress proteins SgFn vs Sg SgPg vs Sg SgPgFn vs Sg SgPg vs SgFn SgPgFn vs SgFn SgPgFn vs SgPg DNA Repair a Total 21 17 12 17 12 11 Unchanged 13 12 6 11 8 9 Increased 2 2 1 1 1 0 Decreased 6 3 5 5 3 2 Oxidative Stress b Total 7 6 6 6 6 6 Unchanged 1 1 3 2 3 6 Increased 6 5 3 2 1 0 Decreased 0 0 0 2 2 0 Other Stress Proteins c Total 18 17 15 17 15 14 Unchanged 9 8 5 8 8 10 Increased 7 6 4 2 0 0 Decreased 2 3 6 7 7 4 a Covers SGO_0105, 0171, 0260, 0286, 0626, 0685, 0698, 0830, 1000, 1038, 1044, 1250, 1390, 1413, 1414, 1531, 1865, 2045, 2050, 2053, 2056. b Covers SGO_0263, 0278, 0749, 1599, 1685, 1803, 1990. c Covers SGO_0368, 0401, 0402, 0404, 0495. 0688, 0722, 1140, 1625, 1632, 1736, 1862, 1885, 1886, 1991, 1998, 2150. Table 12 RecA and competence proteins Protein SgFn vs Sg SgPg vs Sg SgPgFn vs Sg SgPg vs SgFn SgPgFn vs SgFn SgPgFn
MS-275 chemical structure vs SgPg SGO_0200 −1.4 −1.2 −1.8 0.3 −0.3 −0.6 SGO_0981 −1.1 −0.8 nd 0.3 Nd nd SGO_1924 nd −2.0 −2.5 nd Nd −0.5 SGO_2045 −2.3 0.8 0.9 3.2 3.2 0.1 SGO_2097 nd −5.5 −6.6 nd Nd −1.1 SGO_2145 nd −0.3 −0.3 nd Nd 0.0 SGO_2146 nd −1.7 −2.7 nd Nd −1.0 Bold: statistically significant difference, all ratios are log2. nd: not detected in one or more of the compared samples. Sg also has a number of proteins to deal with oxidative stress. Most of these proteins showed increased levels in the mixed communities compared to Sg alone (Table 11). This may indicate an increased
exposure to oxidative stress. However, while Sg Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) can grow aerobically and anaerobically, other oral microbes like Pg are strict anaerobes. The increased protein levels may serve the purpose of providing oxygen protection for anaerobic community members. Other stress response proteins include chaperones such as GroES, SGO_1886, and proteases such as Clp protease P (ClpP), SGO_1632, that degrades misfolded proteins. Table 11 summarizes the changes in other stress proteins. Both increased and decreased protein levels were seen in all of the multispecies samples compared to the Sg control, though there was a general trend towards lower levels in SgPg and even lower levels in SgPgFn compared to SgFn. Conclusions Both dental caries and periodontal disease are community diseases that ensue from the action of complex multispecies biofilms.