The primers used in the quantification of the mRNAs are Selleck 17-AAG listed in Table 2. Constitutive gyrB transcription was used as an internal standard for RNA concentration. The transcript level of experimental genes was calculated relative to gyrB transcripts.

The relative transcriptional level of experimental genes in the S. epidermidis wild-type (WT) strain was set to 1, and the level in the other strains was calculated proportionally. Data are from three independent experiments. Immuno-dot blot assays were performed as described in our previous work (Xu et al., 2006). Western blot was performed as described previously (Pamp et al., 2006) and modified as follows: S. epidermidis strains were grown in B-medium. RG-7388 molecular weight At an OD600 nm of 0.5, cells were harvested. Cell pellets were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and lysed by the addition of 25 μg mL−1 lysostaphin (Sigma) and incubation at 37 °C for 60 min. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation. The protein concentration was determined using a BCA protein Assay kit (Keygen Biotech Co.). Twenty micrograms of each sample was separated on 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and then transferred onto a Protran-BA83 nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman). Spx was probed with a 1 : 1500 dilution of the Spx antibody (a generous gift from P. Zuber), a 1 : 1000 dilution of HRP-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (Proteintech) and the

ECL Advance Western Blotting Detection Kit SPTLC1 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). To determine whether S. epidermidis has the spx gene, we examined the available S. epidermidis genome information (Gill et al., 2005) and identified a candidate ORF whose predicted protein product was 80% identical and 95% similar to the B. subtilis Spx protein, as well as a conserved N-terminal CXXC motif. Staphylococcus epidermidis Spx is very similar to S. aureus Spx (identity at the amino acid level of 98%) (Gill et al., 2005). According to the fact that both the upstream and the downstream genes of S. epidermidis spx are

transcribed in a direction opposite to that of spx, spx is probably an independent ORF with its own promoter. In B. subtilis, it was demonstrated that Spx is a substrate of ClpP protease from in vitro proteolysis experiments (Nakano et al., 2002, 2003b). In S. aureus, Spx accumulates remarkably in the absence of ClpP, strongly indicating that ClpP protease degrades Spx in S. aureus (Pamp et al., 2006). To investigate whether ClpP protease degrades Spx in S. epidermidis, we examined the expression level of Spx in the S. epidermidis clpP mutant strain by Western blot. A much higher Spx level was found in the clpP mutant strain (Fig. 1). Spx accumulates with the absence of ClpP protease, indicating that Spx may also be a substrate of ClpP protease in S. epidermidis, similar to B. subtilis and S. aureus. To investigate the role of Spx in the biofilm formation of S.