The nanoemulsion surface was then stabilized using polysorbate 80 dissolved in an aqueous phase. The PMNPs within the nanoemulsion assembled and packed into MNCs during solvent evaporation [23, 27, 32]. To control MNC size for maximizing T2 relaxivity,

the polysorbate 80 concentration was adjusted. Polysorbate 80 is a surfactant that decreases MNC size FK228 supplier by reducing emulsion surface tension. Therefore, the three PMNP samples were each emulsified with various amounts of polysorbate 80 (10, 25, 50, or 100 mg; 24-mL total reaction volume). We compared the effect of varying oleic acid and polysorbate 80 concentrations on engineered MNC size, as determined by laser scattering. In Figure 3a, LMNPs formed larger MNCs at each polysorbate 80 concentration, than did the DNA Damage inhibitor other two PMNPs. This is because LMNPs are coated with the least amount of oleic acid and thus possess the lowest level of steric repulsion between MNPs. This allows LMNPs to easily agglomerate to form

the largest MNCs [33, 34]. The increased oleic acid on MMNPs hindered the clustering of individual MNPs, resulting in smaller MNCs compared with LMNPs. The additional oleic acid molecules on HMNPs resulted in slightly bigger sized MNCs than MMNPs due to oily space occupied by excess oleic acid, at all polysorbate concentrations tested (detailed values for MNC sizes are presented in Additional file 1: Table S3). These results agreed with the observations of the derivative weight curves and demonstrated that primary-ligand

(oleic acid) modulation of MNPs considerably affected final MNC size. Figure 3 Characterization of MNCs fabricated from three PMNPs. (a) The size and Avelestat (AZD9668) (b) T2 relaxivity (r2) of MNCs. (c) Representative images of MNC solutions in the cubic cell and solution MRIs (0.74 mM Fe). With all three PMNPs, increasing the polysorbate 80 concentration caused a decrease in final MNC size (Figure 3a). When polysorbate 80, a surfactant, was concentrated enough to cover large surface areas, MNP interfacial energy was sufficiently lowered to cause formation of smaller MNCs. By contrast, low polysorbate 80 concentrations insufficiently stabilized the entire MNP surface area and allowed nanoemulsion aggregation to form larger MNCs [23, 35]. Thus, MNC size is easily regulated by modulating the amount of secondary ligand (polysorbate 80). We then investigated the T2 relaxivity (r2) of variously sized MNCs created by double-ligand modulation, using a 1.5-T MRI instrument (Figure 3b). Magnetic nanoclusters fabricated from LMNPs Selleck SC79 exhibited a threefold higher r2 value compared to MNCs generated from MMNPs and HMNPs. This effect was due to the larger MNC size and greater density of these MNCs. Magnetic nanoclusters composed of MMNPs exhibited higher r2 values than MNCs created from HMNPs, when 10 and 25 mg polysorbate 80 were employed.