The cells were seeded at a density of 3 x 105 cells ml-1 and allowed to grow to confluency for 4–7 days and then for a further 14 days by which time they become fully differentiated. B. fragilis was grown to mid-logarithmic phase as previously outlined. The cells (8 x 108) were washed in PBS (140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM KH2PO4) and resuspended in DMEM and Birinapant molecular weight finally placed in a T25 flask with CaCO-2 cells freshly rinsed in DMEM without antibiotics. These

were incubated for 3 hours at 37 °C and 5% CO2. After co-culture, the B. fragilis cells were removed and the CaCO-2 cells were washed with DMEM to remove the non-adherent bacteria. Acknowledgements JCC is supported by a Science Foundation Ireland grant 08/RFP/BMT1596 and by Irish Research

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