The associations found between polymorphic genes and inhibitory antibodies have not been consistent in different reports. Why? Well, the reasons are great in number and include technical issues and the high variation in assays performed in different laboratories. In addition, other antibodies, including those that are non-neutralizing, have generally not been considered, potentially influencing interpretation. In addition, there are

inconsistencies DZNeP order due to the complex multifactorial process and the impact of non-genetic factors that provide alert signals for the immune system. These can result in modification selleck kinase inhibitor of the level of the different immune-regulatory molecules promoting or down-regulating the immune reaction. The sum of all these factors will, in many cases, decide the final outcome; i.e. whether antibodies will be produced or not, provided that the ability to produce them, defined by the mutation type and the HLA

class II molecules, is there. The impact of non-genetic factors on inhibitor risk is easily appreciated from the observation that monozygotic twins do not always experience inhibitors in the same way [10]. These non-genetic factors consist of two types – treatment-related, i.e. the type of product or regimen used, or those associated with immune system challenges providing danger signals by cell death, stress and/or tissue damage [28]. The nature of danger signals varies and includes a range of molecules and mediators, such as interleukins, heat shock proteins, adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

reactive oxygen species and growth factors. With respect to the influence of type of product and dosing, this remains a matter of debate, but to date no compelling evidence has been provided to conclude this discussion. While a wide range of inhibitor rates associated with different concentrates have been published, there 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 are no strong data to support differences between modern commercially available FVIII products in their capacity to induce inhibitor formation [29]. This is also true for the Research of Determinants of Inhibitor development (RODIN) study, a comprehensive and well-designed cohort study of previously untreated patients (PUPs) in which no difference between plasma-derived and recombinant products were found but, unexpectedly, a higher inhibitor rate was observed with the full-length second generation recombinant product compared with the third generation [30]. This was a subanalysis, the study was not designed to evaluate this hypothesis, and inhibitor rates have varied over time in studies of the same product [31-33].