“
“Proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EPF cells on solid maltose-peptone-yeast extract (MPY) medium was stimulated

by the addition of monoamine neurotransmitters. Dopamine turned out to be the most efficient among them: it caused similar to 8-fold growth stimulation at 1 mu M concentration. The dopamine effect was partly mimicked by apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist. Serotonin and histamine produced less significant (1.5-2-fold) effects, and norepinephrine virtually failed to stimulate yeast culture growth. These data point to a specific, apparently receptor-dependent mode of action of the tested neurotransmitters on S. cerevisiae cells. Using high performance liquid chromatography, serotonin, catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine), catecholamine precursor learn more dioxyphenylamine, and oxidized amine products (homovanilic acid, dihydrophenylacetic acid, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid) were established to be accumulated in yeast cells up to (sub) micromolar concentrations without their release into the culture fluid supernatant (CFS). The results obtained suggest that the tested amine neurotransmitters and related compounds do not serve as autoregulators in the yeast population. Nevertheless, they may be involved signaling pathway in the regulation of yeast population development by other ecosystem components.”
“Onychomycosis in toenails is a common fungal infection and vascular abnormalities of lower extremities have been thought as

one of the predisposing conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate predisposition effect of venous insufficiency and peripheral arterial disease on toenail onychomycosis. Thirty-three patients with bilateral onychomycosis in toenails and 37 control subjects, who had healthy nails, Adriamycin clinical trial were enrolled in the study. Veins and arteries of lower extremities were examined with Doppler ultrasound in

terms of venous insufficiency or peripheral arterial disease. Patients with onychomycosis presented more frequent venous insufficiency than the control group (42.4% and 10.8%, respectively; P=0.003). Although all patients had bilateral onychomycosis, reflux was bilateral in six out of 14 patients with onychomycosis (42.8%). No significant difference in frequency of peripheral arterial disease was found in patients, compared to healthy controls. Our study demonstrated a significant relationship between onychomycosis and venous insufficiency, but not with peripheral arterial disease. Also, we point out discordance with bilateral onychomycosis and unilateral venous insufficiency.”
“Protoplasts of Aspergillus oryzae 3.481 and Aspergillus niger 3.316 were prepared using cellulose and snail enzyme with 0.6 M NaCl as osmotic stabilizer. Protoplast fusion has been performed using 35% polyethylene glycol 4,000 with 0.01 mM CaCl(2). The fused protoplasts have been regenerated on regeneration medium and fusants were selected for further studies. An intracellular (beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.