“
“Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate selleckchem the effect

of mild-to-moderate (m-mod) traumatic brain injury (TBI) on spontaneous object (SO) recognition and temporal order (TO) memory in male Wistar rats and to compare the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) and simvastatin (Sim) on SO and TO memory post-injury.\n\nResearch design: A randomized repeated measure experimental design was used.\n\nMethods and procedure: Seven days after arrival, animals received the injury or sham surgery. Using a Y-shaped maze, SO and TO memory was assessed in the two groups of animals at 6, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7, 14, 21 and 35 days post-surgery. Total time exploring each object and discrimination ratio were calculated and analysed. Then SO and TO memory were compared between two groups that received either Sim or EE for 2 hours daily starting 24 hours post-injury and a sham group that received saline for 14 days post-injury.\n\nResults: The results showed that the injury impaired SO and TO memory compared to the sham up to 35 days post-trauma. Injured animals exhibited familiarity preference, novelty aversion and see more impaired TO performance. EE improved the animals’ SO recognition deficits 7 days post-injury after a shorter delay (1 minute) only

and Sim reversed TO memory deficits 14 days post-injury after a longer delay (60 minutes).\n\nConclusion: Persistent SO and TO memory deficits follow TBI in animals; Simv and EE seem to be promising therapies of TBI memory deficits.”
“Approximately 850bp of the mitochondrial

control region was used to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic expansion of the endangered cyprinid Barbus altianalis, a species known to be potamodramous in the Lake Victoria drainage system. The 196 samples taken from the four main rivers draining the Etomoxir Lake Victoria catchment (Nzoia, Yala, Nyando and Sondu-Miriu) yielded 49 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes; 83.7% thereof were private haplotypes restricted to particular rivers. The overall mean haplotype diversity was high (0.93663 +/- 0.008) and ranged between 0.566 (Sondu – Miriu) and 0.944 (Nzoia). The overall mean nucleotide diversity was low (0.01322 +/- 0.00141), ranging from 0.0342 (Sondu – Miriu) to 0.0267 (Nzoia). Population differentiation tests revealed strong and highly significant (P0.001) segregation of populations in the four river basins. F-ST values among the four river-based populations ranged from 0.05202 to 0.44352. The samples formed two main haplotype networks based on a 95% parsimony criterion, each exhibiting a strong signature of past population expansion. The smaller network was restricted to the River Nzoia, whereas the larger network contained representatives from all four rivers; within this the central haplotypes were found in more than one river, whereas the peripheral haplotypes tended to be river-specific.