One of the risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis is the land-based surface run-off, which has been indicated in Southern sea otters (Miller et al., 2002), black sea dolphin (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) ( Alekseev et al., 2009). A similar situation enhanced with the introduction of domestic cats ( Pereira, 2009) and the presence of wild felids in areas surrounding the Paranaguá Bay ( Leite and Galvão, 2002) may increase the possible sources of T. gondii oocysts. T. gondii oocysts are highly environmentally

resistant and could be transported from land to the marine environment ( Miller et al., 2002 and Conrad et al., 2005). Recently, Massie et al. (2010) demonstrated, under experimental conditions, that filter-feeding fish could hold infective T. gondii oocysts. Additionally, oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae), Navitoclax ic50 a common bivalve shellfish from the Brazilian southern coastal area can filter and retain T. gondii oocysts from the marine environment ( Esmerini et al., 2010). None of the species used in these studies are known to be consumed by Guiana dolphins ( Rosas et al., 2010); however, it is another possible route of infection that should be better evaluated. In relation to immunosuppressive viral agents, Morbillivirus is Bortezomib particularly

important for different groups of vertebrates and has been associated with cases of toxoplasmosis affecting dolphins (Soto et al., 2011) and whales (Mazzariol et al., 2012). However, IHC for Morbillivirus antigens in this case was negative and should be ruled out as a possible cause of immunosuppression. Although T. gondii is considered as an opportunistic agent in aquatic mammals ( Migaki et al., 1990 and Domingo et al., 1992), studies suggest that this protozoan might be a primary Mephenoxalone agent on these species ( Dubey et al., 2009 and Di Guardo et al., 2010); considering the point mentioned and that the two main immunosuppressant factors (Morbillivirus and organochlorines) were ruled out, we believe that T. gondii

was the primary agent of chronic morbidity in the Guiana dolphin studied and as a sick animal, this disease possibly contributed to its by catch. Unfortunately, the brain was not examined because this animal was part of studies on cranial morphology and the skull was deposited at the collection of the Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (IPeC) ( Rosas et al., 2003). Nevertheless, tachyzoites observed in the optic nerve allow us to suspect that the central nervous system could also have been affected. Animal protozoan retinochoroiditis was only described in a sea otter infected with Sarcocystis neurona ( Dubey and Thomas, 2011), which had similar characteristics as the present case in the Guiana dolphin. This fact emphasizes the importance of improving biological sampling from stranded marine mammals along the Brazilian coast.