Although, a framework for determining the legitimacy is underdeveloped. This paper articulates the concept of legitimacy within international institutions, proposing its genesis from four fundamental sources: normative principles, comparative advantages, national acknowledgment, and endorsement by other international bodies. Input, operational, and output legitimacy indicators were selected for their operationalizability and relevance in this evaluation, enabling a methodical assessment of the legitimacy of international institutions.

In the Agatu region of Benue State, Nigeria, the Agatu Massacre exemplifies the ongoing tension between farmers and pastoralists. The significant gravity of the event underscores the need for a scholarly examination of the conflict, but the approaches adopted so far have lacked thoughtful and reflective methodological and theoretical underpinnings. This paper scrutinizes the farmer-herder conflict in Agatu, drawing upon existing literature to fill critical knowledge gaps in the study of farmer-herder conflicts across Africa. Studies in existing literature pinpoint the substantial influence of moral economies on resource usage, spatial distribution, and the expression of conflicts in both the developing and developed worlds. Research into the farmer-herder conflicts in Africa through a political ecology approach has not, so far, made use of the moral economy concept. Farmers' and herders' moral economies underwent reterritorializations, which, as this paper demonstrates, triggered the Agatu crisis and the disruption of their social connections. A crucial illustration of the Agatu violence is the failure to adhere to traditional methods for addressing crop damage caused by livestock. In spite of this, the paper argues that this deviation is a consequence of evolving moral economies amongst farmers and herders, impelled by the pursuit of financial gain in preference to the fundamental sustainability of agro-pastoral life. The study argues that variations in moral economies can disrupt social interactions, causing disputes between farmers and herders, ultimately resulting in the exclusion of pastoralists from resources due to legislative actions and policies.

Inventors and advocates of nudging claim it facilitates positive behavioral changes without coercion, representing a libertarian paternalist approach. Its original goal was to support coercive modes of persuasion, exempt from any justification requirements within liberal models. By scrutinizing food-product placement in grocery stores, this article uncovers the deceptive presentation of this image. Despite the lack of curtailment on consumer freedom when utilizing nudge strategies, public health organizations' implementation of nudges undeniably restrict the freedoms of shopkeepers within traditional liberal frameworks. The forced action, undeniably contrary to libertarian tenets, cannot be justified by appealing to libertarianism, which should be disregarded as a disingenuous ideological manoeuvre in this context. Coercive measures might find support in certain liberal theories, but these same rationales are applicable to complementary public health initiatives employing subsidies and guidelines. The conclusion drawn from this result is that nudging should be considered as a valuable addition to, not a replacement for, the established procedures.

Socioeconomic circumstances in and around refugee settlements in Uganda, and their effect on refugee integration motivation and attitudes, remain a largely unaddressed area in the scholarly literature. This study tackles the identified gap by probing the integration framework, utilizing thematic and content analysis to interpret data collected from in-depth interviews and focus group sessions. Socioeconomic factors, such as employment prospects and social services, particularly education and healthcare, within the host community, are found to either motivate or demotivate refugee attitudes towards integration, according to this study. Family history and the integration success stories of refugees in the host community were further motivational factors. Improving refugee integration necessitates fostering vocational skills, enabling access to grants and loans, providing land for agriculture, and facilitating labor market participation. For refugees to become successfully integrated into the host society, a high level of collaboration among diverse stakeholders—including governments, policymakers, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations—is imperative for resource mobilization and bolstering their integration process.

The conceptualization of the 'digital plumber' in ubicomp research details the work of installing and maintaining IoT devices. A significant, frequently underestimated characteristic of commercial IoT solutions lies in their enduring socio-technical infrastructure, thus requiring substantial long-term installation and maintenance. This factor exacerbates the already intricate relationship between digital plumbing and its supporting design. Within this paper, we analyze a commercial entity focused on producing and installing Internet of Things alarm systems. Digital plumbing representatives and software development team members' modifications to the installation procedure and supporting technology are documented in video recordings that we review. Analyzing our data permits a critical assessment of infrastructuring, showing how the team purposefully emphasizes hidden infrastructure elements to mitigate a failure point encountered during field trials of the newest product version. The paper offers two distinct contributions. Initially, our research leverages prior instances of infrastructural implementation, illustrating how elemental states inform design reasoning by persistently highlighting and evaluating tensions that emerge as critical failure points. Furthermore, we are building upon the prevailing ideas of digital plumbing work. We propose that 'reporting failures' and 'facilitating change' should be incorporated into the professional digital plumbing role, which requires commercial teams to provide support via collaborative problem-solving and design sessions, alongside maintained communication lines with associated product team members.

The presence of digital technology design skills and competencies is necessary for success in any profession; however, their application and development in educational settings and professional practice are often disregarded. The efficacy of Educational Participatory Design (EPD) in changing professional methodologies across multiple disciplines is assessed. Employing EPD in a transdisciplinary case study, language teacher training was reshaped to address its perceived lagging response to evolving technology in both social and professional spheres. We propose that EPD is a suitable approach for constructing a design agency that can integrate the wide range of disciplinary and professional backgrounds present in future professionals. In real-world work experience, students, facilitated by EPD, are challenged to design innovative work practices and technologies, where their future users are actively engaged in the professional development process. EPD, a novel methodology, combines design principles with work practice learning and educational components, effectively establishing it as a critical element within the core expertise of CSCW research and design, focused on the digital transformation of work procedures.

The alarming spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms creates a serious global public health crisis, emphasizing the necessity for careful optimization of antimicrobial management. Given the significant risk of infection, antimicrobial therapy is commonly initiated in emergency rooms (ERs) and intensive care units (ICUs). selleck compound Within these facilities, the efficient and effective use of antimicrobials necessitates prompt selection, with point-of-care testing providing direction for the appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. In silico toxicology The Gram stain, a cost-effective and expeditious technique, was once utilized for on-site diagnostic testing by medical professionals during the 1980s, but its application was ceased in the United States in 1988. Despite the broader trends, a restricted segment of Japanese hospitals continues to utilize Gram stain-based antimicrobial protocols implemented by their physicians. Gram staining performed by trained medical professionals in Japanese ERs and ICUs has been shown in multiple studies to reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobials without compromising patient outcomes. Biogenic Mn oxides By employing Gram stain-based antimicrobial strategies, the emergency room saw a reduction in the unnecessary use of carbapenems. Gram staining has been found to lessen the extensive application of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, without impacting the positive clinical outcomes or mortality rates of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia who are receiving intensive care. The Gram stain technique, a time-honored approach, has regained its importance in Japan due to sustained clinical application. With the hope that Japanese researchers in this field will showcase to the world, the effectiveness of Gram staining's classic method in addressing this important problem. To optimize antimicrobial treatment regimens in the emergency room and intensive care unit, skilled physicians performing Gram staining procedures is a valuable approach.

Investigating the origins of severely impaired consciousness in patients, emphasizing clinical presentations in prehospital settings for differential diagnosis, with a specific emphasis on distinguishing stroke.
During paramedic contact and subsequent transport to our hospital between January 2018 and December 2018, we retrospectively reviewed patients who were 16 years old and had Japan Coma Scale III-digit codes. Subsequently, we investigated the patient's background details and physical attributes at the time of the final diagnosis, and also investigated factors associated with stroke events.
Following selection criteria, the study sample comprised 227 patients. One hundred and twelve patients (493% of whom were male) had a median age of 71 years, with an interquartile range from 50 to 83 years.