Kinesin-3 UNC-104(KIF1A) is the major transporter of synaptic vesicles and recent reports suggest that a cargo itself can affect the motor’s activity. Inspecting an interactome map, we identify three putative UNC-104 interactors, namely UNC-16(JIP3), DNC-1(DCTN1/Glued) and SYD-2(Liprin-alpha), known to be adaptors in essential neuronal protein complexes. We then employed the novel method bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay to visualize motor-adaptor
complexes in the nervous system of living C. elegans. Interestingly, the binding of UNC-104 to each adaptor protein results in different sub-cellular distributions and has distinctive effects on the motor’s motility. Specifically, if UNC-104 bound to UNC-16, the motor is primarily YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 ic50 localized in the soma of neurons while bound URMC-099 ic50 to DNC-1, the motor is basically found in axonal termini. On the other hand, if UNC-104 is bound to SYD-2 we identify motor, populations mostly along axons. Therefore, these three adaptors inherit different functions in steering the motor to specific sub-cellular locations
in the neuron. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mutations in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been associated with enhanced in vitro replication and viral attenuation in animal models. To address the possible role of IRES variability in clinical presentation, IRES sequences were obtained Sinomenine from HAV isolates associated with benign (n = 8) or severe (n = 4) hepatitis. IRES activity was assessed using a bicistronic dual-luciferase expression system in adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and hepatoma (HuH7) cell lines. Activity was higher in HuH7 than in HeLa cells, except for an infrequently isolated genotype IIA strain. Though globally low, significant variation in IRES-dependent translation efficiency was observed between field isolates, reflecting the low but significant genetic variability of this region (94.2% +/- 0.5% nucleotide identity). No mutation was exclusive of benign or severe hepatitis, and variations in IRES activity were
not associated with a clinical phenotype, indirectly supporting the preponderance of host factors in determining the clinical presentation.”
“Spinal ganglion (SG) neurons have been widely described in rodents, and classified according to various criteria. On the basis of such studies, many features of rodent SG neurons have become benchmarks to classify these cells. However, these traits cannot be confirmed in all other species. In the present study, horse SG neurons were morphometrically and neurochemically characterized by detecting the neuronal markers calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and isolectin B4 (IB4) from Griffonia simplicifolia. Moreover, spinal cord staining and tracer studies were also performed injecting Fast Blue tracer in the ileo-cecal junction.