Indices of neutrophil phenotype and function were examined with respect to severity and nature of Small molecule library liver injury, severity of organ failure, liver prognostic

criteria of survival, and eventual outcome. The relationship between plasma-derived factors and neutrophil function was also examined in order to aid identification of other associated biomarkers in ALF. AALF, acetaminophen-induced liver failure; ALF, acute liver failure; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; CARS, compensatory antiinflammatory response syndrome; fMLP, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LT, liver transplantation; MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; MELD, model for endstage liver disease; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; NPA, neutrophil phagocytic activity; OB, oxidative burst; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SALF, subacute liver failure; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment. A

cross-sectional case-control cohort study was performed. Patients with ALF (n = 15) and subacute liver failure (SALF) (n = 10) were prospectively studied. Neutrophil phenotype, NPA, and OB (spontaneous and stimulated with opsonized E. coli) were determined and compared Sotrastaurin solubility dmso to n = 11 HC and n = 6 SC. The dynamics of neutrophil function during the course of the illness were compared between patient groups and in relation to those who survived compared to those who did not survive. Patients who were transplanted were considered nonsurvivors. Baseline sampling was performed within 24 hours of admission to an intensive care (ICU) and every 3-4 days until spontaneous recovery, death, or LT. In those who underwent LT further sampling was performed 72 hours post-LT. Subjects were followed up for 90 days. Twenty-five patients with ALF or SALF were recruited nonconsecutively

on admission MCE to the liver ICU at King’s College Hospital between October 2008 and August 2010. ALF was defined by the onset of hepatocellular dysfunction in the absence of preexisting liver disease characterized by coagulopathy and encephalopathy and an illness of less than 26 weeks duration. ALF was further subclassified according to the criteria defined by O’Grady et al.15 depending on the time between the onset of jaundice and encephalopathy. (1) Hyperacute (jaundice to encephalopathy time <7 days) consisting predominantly of patients with acetaminophen-induced liver failure (AALF). (2) Acute liver failure (jaundice to encephalopathy time 8-28 days) typified by patients presenting with fulminant viral hepatitis. (3) SALF (jaundice to encephalopathy time 5-12 weeks) typified by those presenting with nonacetaminophen drug-induced liver injury and seronegative/acute autoimmune hepatitis. Patients with ALF/SALF were included if they were age >18 years and <80 years.