Data were collected during daytime fMRI sessions with simultaneous EEG acquisition. A stage-1 interval was defined as follows: >= 30 s of wake, immediately followed by >= 60 s of continuous stage 1, immediately followed by >= 30 s of stage 2. We compared brain activity between the first 30 s of stage 1 (early stage 1), the last 30 s of stage 1 (late stage 1), and isolated wake. A conjunction analysis sorted each voxel into one of a series of mutually exclusive categories that represented the various

possible combinations of a significant increase, decrease, or no difference among these three states. The initial dataset consisted of 14 healthy volunteers. A total of 22 sessions in these participants yielded six Dibutyryl-cAMP purchase stage-1 selleck compound intervals (from four participants) that met criteria for inclusion in the analysis. There were multiple clusters of significant voxels. Examples include changes in default-mode network areas where activity increased compared to wake only in early stage 1 and a bilateral change in the hippocampus where activity increased compared to wake only in late stage 1. These results suggest that activity in anatomically identifiable, volumetric brain regions exhibit differences during stage-1 sleep that would not have been detected with the EEG. These differences may also have specific relevance to understanding the process of sleep onset as well as the neural mechanisms of performance lapses during sleep deprivation.

Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Background The risk of venous thromboembolism is high after total hip arthroplasty and could persist after hospital discharge. Our aim was to compare the use of rivaroxaban for extended thromboprophylaxis with short-term thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin.

Methods 2509 patients scheduled to undergo elective total hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned,

stratified according to Centre, with a computer-generated randomisation code, to receive,oral rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily for 31-39 days (with placebo injection for 10-14 days; n=1252), or enoxaparin 40 mg once daily subcutaneously for 10-14 days (with placebo tablet for 31-39 days; n=1257). The primary efficacy outcome was the composite of deep-vein thrombosis (symptomatic or asymptornatic detected by mandatory, Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase bilateral venography), non-fatal pulmonary embolism, and all-cause mortality up to day 30-42. Analyses were done in the modified intention-to-treat population, which consisted of all patients who had received at least one dose of study medication, had undergone planned surgery, and had adequate assessment of thromboembolism. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00332020.

Findings The modified intention-to-treat population for the analysis of the primary efficacy outcome consisted of 864 patients in the rivaroxaban group and 869 in the enoxaparin group. The primary outcome occurred in 17 (2 . 0%) patients in the rivaroxaban group, compared with 81 (9.