Biomechanical function of the knee and ankle during level walking, lateral gastrocnemius anatomical selleck chemical cross-sectional area, thickness, width, fascicle length and pennation angle and ankle plantar flexor muscle

strength were recorded in 19 typically developing boys aged 7–12 years and 19 age-matched haemophilic boys with a history of ankle joint bleeding. Associations between gait, strength and architecture were compared using correlations of peak gait values. Haemophilic boys walked with significantly larger (P < 0.05) ankle dorsi flexion angles and knee flexion moments. The ankle plantar flexor muscles of haemophilic boys were significantly weaker and smaller when compared to typically developing peers. In the typically developing boys there was no apparent association between muscle architecture, strength and walking patterns. In haemophilic boys maximum muscle strength and ACSA normalized torque of the ankle GSK3235025 manufacturer plantar flexors together with the muscle width, thickness, fascicle length and angulation (P < 0.05) were associated with motion at the ankle and peak moments at the knee joint. Muscle strength deficits of the ankle plantar flexors and changes in muscle size and architecture

may underpin the key biomechanical alterations in walking patterns of haemophilic boys with a history of ankle joint bleeding. “
“Erik Adolf von Willebrand (VW) was born in 1870 in the city of Vaasa in Finland (Figs. 1 and 2). Although the family was socially active and class conscious, VW’s upbringing was austere by modern standards. He attended Vaasa Lyceum especially excelling in chemistry, botany and zoology. In the summers, he trekked widely collecting botanical, lepidopterological and ornithological specimen and in the winters he toured the frozen 上海皓元 Gulf

of Bothnia. After gaining his baccalaureate in 1890, VW enrolled at the University of Helsinki and before gaining his license in 1896, he spent the summers of 1894 and 1895 on the Åland islands (Fig. 2) as a junior spa physician. However, at this time, there is no evidence that he would have encountered the disease he later was to describe. After graduation, in 1897, VW was attached as assistant physician to the Department of Medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Helsinki where Professor Ossian Schauman, an eminent haematologist, supervised VW’s dissertational work on changes in blood cell count following venesection. Other early haematological studies of VW included regeneration of blood in anaemia and a novel method for staining of blood smears using eosin and methylene blue. After completing his dissertation in 1899, VW took up the position as chief physician at the Heinola Spa, and the focus of his work changed to applied physiology. Between 1900 and 1906 VW also held positions at the Departments of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Helsinki.