Because of this, it is suggested here that DPSIR should perhaps more accurately become DAPSI(W)R. In order to control those State changes and Impacts (or Impacts on human Welfare), we therefore require Responses. Those Responses may include bringing in technological advances (such as better

fishing gear, habitat re-creation or water treatment plants), economic instruments (such as quotas or penalties) or laws administered by statutory bodies. Hence we need a management framework to accommodate and describe all the linked processes in this framework. Such a framework must then be aimed at what we may term the ‘big idea’ – ‘that marine management is designed to protect and enhance the natural INK 128 manufacturer structure and functioning of the seas while at the same time ensuring the marine processes which deliver ecosystem services from which we then obtain societal goods and benefits’ ( Elliott,

2011). Hence many of the Impacts in Table 1 relate to a loss of ecosystem services buy Ku-0059436 and societal benefits. Given the adage that ‘if you don’t know where you are going then any road will take you there’, then in order to set down the ultimate aim as a readily communicable message, this should be encapsulated in a vision for the seas, for example to achieve ‘clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas’ as adopted by the UK government and others ( Defra 2010). Furthermore, it is argued that sustainable and successful marine management can then only be obtained by including all facets and players in the system, the so-called 10-tenets ( Elliott, 2013) in which the major players and responses are included. The latter suggest that our actions should be: Ecologically sustainable (identified as ecol. in the figures below), Technologically feasible (Tech.), Economically viable (Econ.), Socially desirable/tolerable (Soc.), Legally

permissible (Leg.), Administratively achievable (Admin.), Politically expedient (Pol.), Ethically defensible (morally correct) (Ethic.), Culturally inclusive (Cult.) and Effectively communicable (Comm.). This discussion and its diagrams will therefore try to indicate the major steps in an integrated marine management framework while cross-referring to the elements D, P, S, I(W) and R and the Doxacurium chloride 10-tenets. The Pressures on the marine environment (e.g. Kennish and Elliott, 2011) can be regarded as coming from three sources – activities which remove materials and space from the system, activities which place materials into the system, and thirdly, external and wider pressures, such as global climate change, which emanate from outside the system (Fig. 1). The materials extracted include fish, shellfish, water, and seabed sands and gravels, and space is also removed, for example by occupying the seabed with harbours, windfarms, etc.