, 2005 and Olli and Trunov, 2010). This may be due to the fact

that the depositional behaviour of dinoflagellate cysts is like that of fine particles, and that their abundance increases in sediments with higher mud contents (Dale 1983). The present study also showed that most dinoflagellate cysts identified in Saudi sediments germinated successfully, with germination rates varying significantly among cyst types at different temperatures. This finding thus concurs with the conclusions drawn from previous studies that temperature is the major factor regulating the germination of marine phytoflagellate cysts (Dale, 1983, Pfiester and Anderson, 1987, Ishikawa and Taniguchi, 1996 and Ishikawa and Taniguchi, 1997), and that cyst germination is stimulated in different organisms by different water temperatures (Meksumpun et al. 2005). find more Our results showed that an increase in temperature from 15 to 25°C lowered the germination rates of dinoflagellate (Alexandrium) cysts from Saudi sediments. These results are in agreement with those of Meksumpun et al. (2005), who reported that some dinoflagellate cysts (but not Alexandrium cysts) can germinate well at temperatures between 10 and 28°C. Also, Ishikawa & Taniguchi (1996) found that Scrippsiella cysts can germinate

at temperatures between 5 and 25°C. Therefore, the increase in temperature may act to prevent MS-275 ic50 seeding or the maintenance of blooms in the water column during summer periods ( Genovesi et al. 2007). Unlike other cyst types, the germination of Alexandrium cysts was not affected by the difference in temperatures, with maximum germination rates reaching as high as 95.6%. Perez et al. (1998) reported that temperature had no significant effect on the germination of Alexandrium cysts collected from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada. The germination rate of Alexandrium cysts from Saudi

sediments Janus kinase (JAK) is higher than that obtained (48–52%) by Bravo et al. (2006), but is comparable with that reported by Garcés et al. (2004) (up to 91%). Such a remarkable difference in the germination rates of Alexandrium cysts between the two studies may be explained by the presence of some distinctive internal features, such as globular content, or other, genetic or external, factors ( Bravo et al. 2006). Germination success can also be affected by excystment medium conditions, where higher rates of germination were found for A. catenella cysts isolated in seawater than in L1 medium ( Figueroa et al. 2005). Overall, such information on the germination of dinoflagellate cysts may be helpful for understanding the mechanism of the outbreak of dinoflagellate red tides along Saudi coasts, as cyst bank germinations contribute to the initial seeding of blooms ( Genovesi et al. 2007). Our study also highlighted the presence of harmful marine dinoflagellate cysts in Saudi marine sediments.