The transcript size was estimated by comparison with RNA molecular weight standards (Ambion). For quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments, one μg of total RNA was heated at 65°C for 5 min. After

a slow cooling, cDNAs were synthesized for 1 h at 42°C with Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen), and 1 pmol of hexamer oligonucleotide Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor primers (pDN6, Roche). The reverse transcriptase was inactivated by incubation at 70°C for 15 min. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed twice in a 20 μl reaction volume containing 100 ng or learn more 1 μg of cDNAs, 12.75 μl of the SYBR PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), and 400 nM of gene-specific primers. Amplification and detection were performed as previously described [19]. In each sample, the quantity of cDNAs of a gene was normalized to the quantity of cDNAs of gyrA, which is a stably expressed gene in our transcriptome experiments. The relative change in gene expression was recorded

as the ratio of normalized target concentrations (ΔΔct) [32]. Microarray design for the C. perfringens genome, DNA-array hybridization and data analysis The C. perfringens strain 13 genome was obtained from EMBL database. Probe design for the microarray was performed using the OligoArray 2.0 software [33]. 2 or 3 oligonucleotides were designed for each 2706 genes. We could not design oligonucleotides NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase for 17 genes. Agilent produced the microarrays. Probes were replicated twice on the array to reach a final density

of 13814 probes per array. 536 positive controls and 1394 negative controls were https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mrt67307.html also included. The description of the microarray design was submitted to the GEO database (accession number GPL9765). Total RNA was extracted from cells of 4 independent cultures for each growth condition. RNA was labeled with either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dye (GE healthcare) using the SuperScript Indirect cDNA labeling kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. A mixture of 10 μg of RNA and of pdN6 primers (Roche) was heated to 70°C for 5 min and quickly chilled on ice. We then sequentially added: 1× first-strand buffer, dithiothreitol (20 mM), dNTP mix, RNase OUT and 1600 units of Superscript III reverse transcriptase in a total volume of 24 μl. The reaction was incubated 3 h at 42°C to generate cDNAs. After alkaline hydrolysis and neutralization, cDNAs were purified on SNAP columns (Invitrogen) and precipitated with ethanol. The cDNAs were then mixed with Cy3 or Cy5 dyes (GE healthcare), incubated 1 h at room temperature in the dark, and purified on SNAP columns. 200 pmol of Cy3 and Cy5-labeled cDNAs was mixed and concentrated with microcon (Millipore). Hybridization was performed in micro-chambers for 17 h at 65°C according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.